|
Hint
|
Answer
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|
1901
|
Sully Prudhomme
|
France (poet, essayist)
|
|
1902
|
Theodor Mommsen
|
Germany (historian, legal scholar)
|
|
1903
|
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
|
Norway (poet, novelist, dramatist, author of lyrics of Norwegian national anthem
|
|
1904
|
Frédéric Mistral
|
France (Occitan)
|
|
1904
|
José Echegaray
|
Spain (dramatist)
|
|
1905
|
Henryk Sienkiewicz
|
Poland (Russian Empire) (epic novelist)
|
|
1906
|
Giosuè Carducci
|
Italy (poet)
|
|
1907
|
Rudyard Kipling
|
United Kingdom (novelist, poet, short story writer born in Bombay)
|
|
1908
|
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
|
Germany (philosopher)
|
|
1909
|
Selma Lagerlöf
|
Sweden (novelist, short story writer remebered for her children's story about Nils Holgersson)
|
|
1910
|
Paul von Heyse
|
Germany (poet, dramatist, novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1911
|
Maurice Maeterlinck
|
Belgium (symbolist dramatist, poet, essayist)
|
|
1912
|
Gerhart Hauptmann
|
Germany (dramatist, novelist)
|
|
1913
|
Rabindranath Tagore
|
India (Bengali poet, novelist, dramatist, short story writer, composer)
|
|
1915
|
Romain Rolland
|
France (novelist)
|
|
1916
|
Verner von Heidenstam
|
Sweden (poet, novelist)
|
|
1917
|
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
|
Denmark (poet)
|
|
1917
|
Henrik Pontoppidan
|
Denmark (novelist)
|
|
1919
|
Carl Spitteler
|
Switzerland (German-language epic poet)
|
|
1920
|
Knut Hamsun
|
Norway (epic novelist)
|
|
1921
|
Anatole France
|
France (poet, novelist)
|
|
1922
|
Jacinto Benavente
|
Spain (dramatist)
|
|
1923
|
William Butler Yeats
|
Ireland (poet)
|
|
1924
|
Władysław Reymont
|
Poland (epic novelist)
|
|
1925
|
George Bernard Shaw
|
Ireland (dramatist, novelist, essayist, literary critic, political activist)
|
|
1926
|
Grazia Deledda
|
Italy (poet, novelist)
|
|
1927
|
Henri Bergson
|
France (philosopher known for the concept of élan vital, or the life force)
|
|
1928
|
Sigrid Undset
|
Norway (novelist)
|
|
1929
|
Thomas Mann
|
Germany (novelist, essayist, short story writer; in recognition of "Buddenbrooks")
|
|
1930
|
Sinclair Lewis
|
United Staes (novelist, dramatist, short story writer)
|
|
1931
|
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
|
Sweden (poetry)
|
|
1932
|
John Galsworthy
|
United Kingdom (novelist, in recognition of "The Forsyte Saga")
|
|
1933
|
Ivan Bunin
|
Russia (exiled in France; novelist, poet, short story writer)
|
|
1934
|
Luigi Pirandello
|
Italy (dramatist, novelist, short story writer who tore up his Fascist membership card)
|
|
1936
|
Eugene O'Neill
|
United States (realist dramatist)
|
|
1937
|
Roger Martin du Gard
|
France (novelist)
|
|
1938
|
Pearl S. Buck
|
United States (novelist; in recognition of her works on life in China)
|
|
1939
|
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
|
Finland (novelist)
|
|
1944
|
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
|
Denmark (modernist poet)
|
|
1945
|
Gabriela Mistral
|
Chile (poet, diplomat)
|
|
1946
|
Hermann Hesse
|
Germany (exiled to Switzerland; novelist, poet)
|
|
1947
|
André Gide
|
France (novelist, essayist who famously repudiated his communist beliefs after visiting the Soviet Union)
|
|
1948
|
T. S. Eliot
|
United Kingdom (US-born modernist poet)
|
|
1949
|
William Faulkner
|
United States (modernist novelist, short story writer, essayist from Mississippi)
|
|
1950
|
Bertrand Russell
|
United Kingdom (philosopher, essayist, political activist, founder of analytic philosophy)
|
|
1951
|
Pär Lagerkvist
|
Sweden (poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist)
|
|
1952
|
François Mauriac
|
France (novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1953
|
Winston Churchill
|
United Kingdom (historian, essayist, memoirist, orator, politician)
|
|
1954
|
Ernest Hemingway
|
United States (modernist novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1955
|
Halldór Laxness
|
Iceland (poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist)
|
|
1956
|
Juan Ramón Jiménez
|
Spain (poet)
|
|
1957
|
Albert Camus
|
France (novelist, dramatist, short story writer, essayist, philosopher; first African-born laureate)
|
|
1958
|
Boris Pasternak
|
Soviet Union, declined prize (novelist, poet, translator)
|
|
1959
|
Salvatore Quasimodo
|
Italy (poet)
|
|
1960
|
Saint-John Perse
|
France (poet)
|
|
|
Hint
|
Answer
|
|
|
1961
|
Ivo Andrić
|
Yugoslavia (novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1962
|
John Steinbeck
|
United States (realist novelist and short story writer)
|
|
1963
|
Giorgos Seferis
|
Greece (poet; Greek ambassador to the UK 1957–62)
|
|
1964
|
Jean-Paul Sartre
|
France, declined prize (novelist, philosopher, dramatist, essayist, literary critic, political activist)
|
|
1965
|
Mikhail Sholokhov
|
Soviet Union (epic novelist, in recognition of "And Quiet Flows the Don")
|
|
1966
|
Shmuel Yosef Agnon
|
Israel (novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1966
|
Nelly Sachs
|
Germany (exiled in Sweden; poet, dramatist)
|
|
1967
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias
|
Guatemala (novelist, poet)
|
|
1968
|
Yasunari Kawabata
|
Japan (novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1969
|
Samuel Beckett
|
Ireland (absurdist and minimalist dramatist, novelist, poet)
|
|
1970
|
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
|
Soviet Union (novelist, dissident activist who was expelled from the USSR in 1974)
|
|
1971
|
Pablo Neruda
|
Chile (poet who adopted the name of a Czech poet as his pen name)
|
|
1972
|
Heinrich Böll
|
Germany (novelist, short story writer highly critical of West German society)
|
|
1973
|
Patrick White
|
Australia (novelist, dramatist, short story writer)
|
|
1974
|
Eyvind Johnson
|
Sweden (novelist; was on the Nobel panel himself)
|
|
1974
|
Harry Martinson
|
Sweden (novelist, poet, dramatist; was on the Nobel panel himself)
|
|
1975
|
Eugenio Montale
|
Italy (poet)
|
|
1976
|
Saul Bellow
|
United States (born in Canada, novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1977
|
Vicente Aleixandre
|
Spain (poet)
|
|
1978
|
Isaac Bashevis Singer
|
United States (Yiddish) (novelist, short story writer, memoirist of Polish-Jewish origin)
|
|
1979
|
Odysseas Elytis
|
Greece (poet)
|
|
1980
|
Czesław Miłosz
|
United States (emigrated from Poland) (poet, essayist)
|
|
1981
|
Elias Canetti
|
Bulgaria (emigrated to UK, wrote in German) (novelist, dramatist, memoirist, essayist)
|
|
1982
|
Gabriel García Márquez
|
Colombia (novelist, short story writer, proponent of Magic Realism)
|
|
1983
|
William Golding
|
United Kingdom (novelist, poet, dramatist best remebered for "Lord of the Flies")
|
|
1984
|
Jaroslav Seifert
|
Czechoslovakia (Czech poet)
|
|
1985
|
Claude Simon
|
France (novelist)
|
|
1986
|
Wole Soyinka
|
Nigeria (dramatist, novelist, poet)
|
|
1987
|
Joseph Brodsky
|
United States (expelled from the USSR) (poet)
|
|
1988
|
Naguib Mahfouz
|
Egypt (novelist)
|
|
1989
|
Camilo José Cela
|
Spain (novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1990
|
Octavio Paz
|
Mexico (poet, essayist)
|
|
1991
|
Nadine Gordimer
|
South Africa (novelist, short story writer, essayist, anti-Apartheid activist)
|
|
1992
|
Derek Walcott
|
Saint Lucia (poet)
|
|
1993
|
Toni Morrison
|
United States (novelist)
|
|
1994
|
Kenzaburō Ōe
|
Japan (novelist, short story writer)
|
|
1995
|
Seamus Heaney
|
Ireland (poet)
|
|
1996
|
Wisława Szymborska
|
Poland (poet, essayist, translator)
|
|
1997
|
Dario Fo
|
Italy (dramatist influenced by the commedia dell'arte tradition)
|
|
1998
|
José Saramago
|
Portugal (novelist, dramatist, poet; moved from Portugal to the Canaries in protest)
|
|
1999
|
Günter Grass
|
Germany (novelist, dramatist, poet; born in the Free City of Danzig)
|
|
2000
|
Gao Xingjiang
|
China (emigrated to France) (novelist, dramatist, literary critic)
|
|
2001
|
V. S. Naipaul
|
Trinidad & Tobago / UK (novelist, essayist)
|
|
2002
|
Imre Kertész
|
Hungary (novelist; Holocaust survivor)
|
|
2003
|
J. M. Coetzee
|
South Africa (emigrated to Australia) (novelist, essayist, translator; anti-Apartheid activist also known for his animal rights work)
|
|
2004
|
Elfriede Jelinek
|
Austria (feminist novelist, dramatist)
|
|
2005
|
Harold Pinter
|
United Kingdom (dramatist)
|
|
2006
|
Orhan Pamuk
|
Turkey (novelist, essayist)
|
|
2007
|
Doris Lessing
|
United Kingdom (novelist, poet, short story writer, essayist, dramatist, memoirist; born in Tehran 1919)
|
|
2008
|
J. M. G. Le Clézio
|
France / Mauritus (novelist, short story writer, essayist, translator)
|
|
2009
|
Herta Müller
|
Germany (emigrated from Romania, writes in German) (novel, poet)
|
|
2010
|
Mario Vargas Llosa
|
Peru (lives in Spain) (novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, political activist; ran for President of Peru)
|
|
2011
|
Tomas Tranströmer
|
Sweden (poet)
|
|
2012
|
Mo Yan
|
China (novelist, short story writer)
|
|
