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The electoral issue that divided the Prussian right-wing liberals and left-wing liberals due to debate over whether or not widening it would invite revolution
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Franchise
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An indecisive parliament consisting mostly of liberals - though a third of members being radicals - elected in April 1848 under the new Prussian liberal ministry, first meeting in May with the task of drawing up a new constitution, which steadily lost authority and support over the course of the year
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Prussian National Assembly
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An 1860 bill to double the size of the active Prussian army, increase service from two to three years, and reduce the role of the popular but inefficient reserve (Landwehr) which was defeated by Parliament multiple times
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von Roon's Army Reform Bill
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The King of Prussia from 1861 to 1888 - later Emperor of Germany - who was a devout Protestant and absolutist, appointing a joint liberal and conservative ministry on becoming regent in 1858, though allowing it no significant role in government
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William I (1797 - 1888)
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An 1859 war in which France and Sardinia defeated Austria in no small part due to a prolonged lack of military investment and reform, the latter losing much of its Italian territory
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Second Italian War of Independence
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That body which the German rulers were originally willing to accept believing it was the only way to preserve their thrones, only to turn against it once the threat had subsided
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Frankfurt Parliament
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An Austrian agreement with the Catholic Church which gave the latter much greater state influence, alienating Protestants and secularists alike
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1855 Concordat
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The constitution by the Frankfurt Parliament that many German states felt comfortable rejecting after Frederick William IV's rejection of the position of German Emperor by the said Parliament discredited the liberals
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Paulskirche Constitution
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He who was made Minister President of Prussia in November 1848 after the replacement of the liberal ministry, who immediately ordered the dissolution of the citizen's militia and the imposition of martial law, practically ending the revolution in Berlin with little resistance
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Count of Brandenburg (1792 - 1850)
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A treaty following the First Schleswig War in 1848 that forced Prussia and the Frankfurt Parliament to accept the Danish annexation of Schleswig, losing the latter much public support
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Treaty of Malmö
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The 1848 - 1849 elected (mostly via delegates) successor of the Vorparlament, consisting mostly of moderate middle class liberals, with only a minority of radicals, revolutionaries, republicans, or reactionary conservatives, that helped fill the vacuum left by Austrian and Prussian distraction
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Frankfurt Parliament
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A declaration by 51 representatives from Prussia, Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Nassau, and Frankfurt, published in March 1848 calling for the creation of a German-wide meeting to discuss proposals for political reform
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Declaration of Heidelberg
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That crisis which was 'solved' after Otto von Bismarck was appointed Minister President of Prussia in 1862 and - after failing spectacularly to ameliorate relations with Parliament - declared Parliament's support for von Roon's Army Reform Bill unnecessary, enforcing it against their will
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1860 - 62 Constitutional Crisis
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A nationalised Prussian organisation that owned engineering plants, textile mills, and chemical works, involved in exporting goods and trade
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Seehandlung
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The country in which the 1848 Revolutions began, ultimately leading to the abdication of its monarch in February
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France
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A November 1850 meeting between Austrian Minister President Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg and Prussian Minister President Otto von Manteuffel in which - under Russian and Austrian pressure - Prussia abandoned and dissolved the Erfurt Union
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Capitulation of Olmütz
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Identification with one's nation which is held central to all political activity and decision making
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Nationalism
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The imposition of tariffs on foreign imports so as to protect domestic industry and agriculture, notable for being an Austrian economic policy which isolated them, particularly in comparison to the Prussian controlled Zollverein
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Protectionism
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A leading Austrian diplomat, Foreign Minister from 1809 until 1848 and Minister President from 1821 until 1848, known for his abject conservatism, and the political system he led the way in formulating in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars
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Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773 - 1859)
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The two consecutive years in which the radical liberal Progressive Party gained successively large majorities in the Prussian lower house against a background of constitutional crisis caused by von Roon's Army Reform Bill
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1861 and 1862
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