I tried Augustus first as well, knowing that the answer probably was Julius, since August *ought to be* the more famous of the two, and would be no doubt if not for Billy Shakespeare.
"Julius" was a surname, shared by Gaius's father, grandfather, uncle, cousins on his father's side, children, etc. It was not in any sense a "first" or "given" name.
No, Caesar never was an Augustus. He came before the empire, this cognomen was first given to his nephew Octavius, the first roman emperor. Anyway, I must complain : his last name was Julius (his gens), his first name was Gaius/Caius, and Caesar was a nickname (in latin a cognomen). This is a very common mistake... And another mistake is of course Franz Ferdinand ! His family name is Habsburg or von Österreich-Este, while his first name is "Franz Ferdinand"... Finally, Ataturk is not a last name but, once again, a nickname. His true name is Mustafa Kemal (but ok, Mustafa is indeed his first name).
Hmm. I always thought Ataturk's first name was Kemal/Kamal. Of course, that's what I get for only knowing his name from the Monty Python fish license sketch.
The first Palin I think of is always Michael Palin. I know he isn't a political figure, but trying his name did get me one of the other answers in this quiz. :)
I don't think there's any dilemma in this particular case
I guess only we WWII geeks know Tojo's first name.