|
Year
|
Nationality
|
Reason for Award
|
Answer
|
|
2016
|
Japanese
|
"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"
|
Yoshinori Ohsumi
|
|
2015
|
Chinese
|
"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"
|
Youyou Tu
|
|
American, Irish
|
"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
|
William C. Campbell
|
|
Japanese
|
Satoshi Omura
|
|
2014
|
American, British
|
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
|
John O'Keefe
|
|
Norwegian
|
May-Britt Moser
|
|
Norwegian
|
Edvard I. Moser
|
|
2013
|
American
|
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
|
James E. Rothman
|
|
American
|
Randy W. Schekman
|
|
American, German
|
Thomas C. Sudhof
|
|
2012
|
British
|
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
|
Sir John B. Gurdon
|
|
Japanese
|
Shinya Yamanaka
|
|
2011
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
|
Bruce A. Beutler
|
|
French
|
Jules A. Hoffmann
|
|
Canadian
|
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
|
Ralph M. Steinman
|
|
2010
|
British
|
"for the development of in vitro fertilization"
|
Robert G. Edwards
|
|
2009
|
Australian, American
|
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
|
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
|
|
American
|
Carol W. Greider
|
|
American, Canadian
|
Jack W. Szostak
|
|
2008
|
German
|
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"
|
Harald zur Hausen
|
|
French
|
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
|
Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
|
|
French
|
Luc Montagnier
|
|
2007
|
British
|
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
|
Sir Martin J. Evans
|
|
American, Italian
|
Mario R. Capecchi
|
|
American, British
|
Oliver Smithies
|
|
2006
|
American
|
"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
|
Andrew Z. Fire
|
|
American
|
Craig C. Mello
|
|
2005
|
Australian
|
"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
|
Barry J. Marshall
|
|
Australian
|
J. Robin Warren
|
|
2004
|
American
|
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
|
Richard Axel
|
|
American
|
Linda B. Buck
|
|
2003
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
|
Paul C. Lauterbur
|
|
British
|
Sir Peter Mansfield
|
|
2002
|
South African
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
|
Sydney Brenner
|
|
American
|
H. Robert Horvitz
|
|
British
|
John E. Sulston
|
|
2001
|
American
|
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
|
Leland H. Hartwell
|
|
British
|
Tim Hunt
|
|
British
|
Sir Paul M. Nurse
|
|
2000
|
Swedish
|
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
|
Arvid Carlsson
|
|
American
|
Paul Greengard
|
|
Austrian, American
|
Eric R. Kandel
|
|
1999
|
American, German
|
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
|
Gunter Blobel
|
|
1998
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
|
Robert F. Furchgott
|
|
American
|
Louis J. Ignarro
|
|
American
|
Ferid Murad
|
|
1997
|
American
|
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"
|
Stanley B. Prusiner
|
|
1996
|
Australian
|
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"
|
Peter C. Doherty
|
|
Swiss
|
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
|
|
1995
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
|
Edward B. Lewis
|
|
German
|
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard
|
|
American
|
Eric F. Wieschaus
|
|
1994
|
American
|
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
|
Alfred G. Gilman
|
|
American
|
Martin Rodbell
|
|
1993
|
British
|
"for their discoveries of split genes"
|
Richard J. Roberts
|
|
American
|
Phillip A. Sharp
|
|
1992
|
Swiss
|
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
|
Edmond H. Fischer
|
|
American
|
Edwin G. Krebs
|
|
1991
|
German
|
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
|
Erwin Neher
|
|
German
|
Bert Sakmann
|
|
1990
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
|
Joseph E. Murray
|
|
American
|
E. Donnall Thomas
|
|
1989
|
American
|
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
|
J. Michael Bishop
|
|
American
|
Harold E. Varmus
|
|
1988
|
British
|
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
|
Sir James W. Black
|
|
American
|
Gertrude B. Elion
|
|
American
|
George H. Hitchings
|
|
1987
|
Japanese
|
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
|
Susumu Tonegawa
|
|
1986
|
American
|
"for their discoveries of growth factors"
|
Stanley Cohen
|
|
Italian
|
Rita Levi-Montalcini
|
|
1985
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
|
Michael S. Brown
|
|
American
|
Joseph L. Goldstein
|
|
1984
|
Danish
|
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
|
Niels K. Jerne
|
|
West German
|
Georges J.F. Kohler
|
|
Argentinian
|
Cesar Milstein
|
|
1983
|
American
|
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
|
Barbara McClintock
|
|
1982
|
Swedish
|
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
|
Sune K. Bergstrom
|
|
Swedish
|
Bengt I. Samuelsson
|
|
British
|
John R. Vane
|
|
1981
|
American
|
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
|
Roger W. Sperry
|
|
Canadian
|
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
|
David H. Hubel
|
|
Swedish
|
Torsten N. Wiesel
|
|
1980
|
American, Venezuelan
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
|
Baruj Benacerraf
|
|
French
|
Jean Dausset
|
|
American
|
George D. Snell
|
|
1979
|
South African
|
"for the development of computer assisted tomography"
|
Allan M. Cormack
|
|
British
|
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
|
|
1978
|
Swiss
|
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
|
Werner Arber
|
|
American
|
Daniel Nathans
|
|
American
|
Hamilton O. Smith
|
|
1977
|
American, French
|
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
|
Roger Guillemin
|
|
Polish-Jewish, Canadian, American
|
Andrew V. Schally
|
|
American
|
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
|
Rosalyn Yalow
|
|
1976
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
|
Baruch S. Blumberg
|
|
American
|
D. Carleton Gajdusek
|
|
1975
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
|
David Baltimore
|
|
American, Italian
|
Renato Dulbecco
|
|
American
|
Howard Martin Temin
|
|
1974
|
Belgian
|
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
|
Albert Claude
|
|
Belgian
|
Christian de Duve
|
|
American, Romanian
|
George E. Palade
|
|
1973
|
Austrian
|
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
|
Karl von Frisch
|
|
Austrian
|
Konrad Lorenz
|
|
Dutch
|
Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
|
1972
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
|
Gerald M. Edelman
|
|
British
|
Rodney R. Porter
|
|
1971
|
American
|
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
|
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
|
|
1970
|
British, West German
|
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
|
Sir Bernard Katz
|
|
Swedish
|
Ulf von Euler
|
|
American
|
Julius Axelrod
|
|
1969
|
American, West German
|
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
|
Max Delbruck
|
|
American
|
Alfred D. Hershey
|
|
Italian
|
Salvador E. Luria
|
|
1968
|
American
|
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
|
Robert W. Holley
|
|
American, Indian
|
Har Gobind Khorana
|
|
American
|
Marshall W. Nirenberg
|
|
1967
|
Finnish, Swedish
|
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
|
Ragnar Granit
|
|
American
|
Haldan Keffer Hartline
|
|
American
|
George Wald
|
|
1966
|
American
|
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
|
Peyton Rous
|
|
Canadian, American
|
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
|
Charles Brenton Huggins
|
|
1965
|
French
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
|
Francois Jacob
|
|
French
|
Andre Lwoff
|
|
French
|
Jacques Monod
|
|
1964
|
American, West German
|
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
|
Konrad Bloch
|
|
West German
|
Feodor Lynen
|
|
1963
|
Australian
|
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
|
Sir John Carew Eccles
|
|
British
|
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
|
|
British
|
Andrew Fielding Huxley
|
|
1962
|
British
|
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
|
Francis Harry Compton Crick
|
|
American
|
James Dewey Watson
|
|
New Zealander, British
|
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
|
|
1961
|
Hungarian
|
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
|
Georg von Bekesy
|
|
1960
|
Australian
|
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
|
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
|
|
British
|
Peter Brian Medawar
|
|
1959
|
Spanish
|
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
|
Severo Ochoa
|
|
American
|
Arthur Kornberg
|
|
1958
|
American
|
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
|
George Wells Beadle
|
|
American
|
Edward Lawrie Tatum
|
|
American
|
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
|
Joshua Lederberg
|
|
1957
|
Swiss, Italian
|
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"
|
Daniel Bovet
|
|
1956
|
French
|
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
|
Andre Frederic Cournand
|
|
West German
|
Werner Forssmann
|
|
American
|
Dickinson W. Richards
|
|
1955
|
Swedish
|
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"
|
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
|
|
1954
|
American
|
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
|
John Franklin Enders
|
|
American
|
Thomas Huckle Weller
|
|
American
|
Frederick Chapman Robbins
|
|
1953
|
British, West German
|
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
|
Hans Adolf Krebs
|
|
American, West German
|
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
|
Fritz Albert Lipmann
|
|
1952
|
American, Jewish
|
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
|
Selman Waksman
|
|
1951
|
American, South African
|
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"
|
Max Theiler
|
|
1950
|
American
|
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
|
Edward Calvin Kendall
|
|
Polish, Swiss
|
Tadeus Reichstein
|
|
American
|
Philip Showalter Hench
|
|
1949
|
Swiss
|
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"
|
Walter Rudolf Hess
|
|
Portuguese
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"
|
Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
|
|
1948
|
Swiss
|
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"
|
Paul Hermann Muller
|
|
1947
|
Austro-Hungarian, American
|
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
|
Carl Ferdinand Cori
|
|
Austro-Hungarian, American, Jewish
|
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
|
|
Argentinian
|
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"
|
Bernardo Alberto Houssay
|
|
1946
|
American
|
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
|
Hermann Joseph Muller
|
|
1945
|
British
|
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
|
Sir Alexander Fleming
|
|
British, Nazi German
|
Ernst Boris Chain
|
|
Australian
|
Sir Howard Walter Florey
|
|
1944
|
American
|
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
|
Joseph Erlanger
|
|
American
|
Herbert Spencer Gasser
|
|
1943
|
Danish
|
"for his discovery of vitamin K"
|
Henrik Carl Peter Dam
|
|
American
|
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy
|
|
1942
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1941
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1940
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1939
|
Nazi German
|
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"
|
Gerhard Domagk
|
|
1938
|
Belgian
|
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"
|
Corneille Jean Francois Heymans
|
|
1937
|
Hungarian
|
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"
|
Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi Nagyrapolt
|
|
1936
|
British
|
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
|
Sir Henry Hallett Dale
|
|
1935
|
Nazi German
|
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"
|
Hans Spemann
|
|
1934
|
American
|
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
|
George Hoyt Whipple
|
|
American
|
George Richards Minot
|
|
American
|
William Parry Murphy
|
|
1933
|
American
|
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"
|
Thomas Hunt Morgan
|
|
1932
|
British
|
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"
|
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
|
|
British
|
Edgar Douglas Adrian
|
|
1931
|
German
|
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
|
Otto Heinrich Warburg
|
|
1930
|
Austrian
|
"for his discovery of human blood groups"
|
Karl Landsteiner
|
|
1929
|
Dutch
|
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"
|
Christiaan Eijkman
|
|
British
|
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"
|
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
|
|
1928
|
French
|
"for his work on typhus"
|
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
|
|
1927
|
Austrian
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"
|
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
|
|
1926
|
Danish
|
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"
|
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
|
|
1925
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1924
|
Dutch
|
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
|
Willem Einthoven
|
|
1923
|
Canadian
|
"for the discovery of insulin"
|
Frederick Grant Banting
|
|
British
|
John James Rickard Macleod
|
|
1922
|
British
|
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"
|
Archibald Vivian Hill
|
|
German
|
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
|
Otto Fritz Meyerhof
|
|
1921
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1920
|
Danish
|
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"
|
Schack August Steenberg Krogh
|
|
1919
|
Belgian
|
"for his discoveries relating to immunity"
|
Jules Bordet
|
|
1918
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1917
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1916
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1915
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1914
|
Austro-Hungarian
|
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
|
Robert Barany
|
|
1913
|
French
|
"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"
|
Charles Robert Richet
|
|
1912
|
French
|
"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
|
Alexis Carrel
|
|
1911
|
Swedish
|
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"
|
Allvar Gullstrand
|
|
1910
|
German
|
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"
|
Albrecht Kossel
|
|
1909
|
Swiss
|
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"
|
Emil Theodor Kocher
|
|
1908
|
Russian
|
"in recognition of their work on immunity"
|
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
|
|
American
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
|
1907
|
French
|
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"
|
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
|
|
1906
|
Italian
|
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"
|
Camillo Golgi
|
|
Spanish
|
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
|
|
1905
|
German
|
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"
|
Robert Koch
|
|
1904
|
Russian
|
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"
|
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
|
|
1903
|
Danish
|
"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"
|
Niels Ryberg Finsen
|
|
1902
|
British
|
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"
|
Ronald Ross
|
|
1901
|
German
|
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"
|
Emil Adolf von Behring
|
