Particle: Lecture 3 (Part 1)

A 3rd year particle physics lecture course

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Last updated: April 26, 2019

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First submitted	April 24, 2019
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Hint	Answer
What are the uses of high energy beams? Give two uses	Resolution of the structure of objects and the creation of new particles
How to make a high energy beam:	- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Step 1:	An easily obtainable particle
Step 2:	A particle you can accelerate
Step 3:	A particle that is stable for the duration of the time taken until collision
Name an ideal particle for acceleration	Electron/Positron/Proton/Antiproton
Name two things accelerated particles are used for	Directing them on a fixed target and colliding two accelerated beams head-on
Give an equation for the Lorentz force ( in terms of q, v, B and E)	q(v.B + E)
True or false: Electric fields are used to accelerate the beams	True
True or false: Magnetic fields are used to steer the beams	True
Why does the beam have to form bunches instead of a continuous beam in alternating acceleration?	Because some particles would get decelerated in a continuous beam
Name the two main types of accelerators	Linear and Cyclic
How is acceleration achieved in a synchotron?	The beam repeatedly traverses cavities placed in a ring.
Why is a synchotron named as such?	Because the magnetic field has to rise synchronously with the beam energy, in order to keep the beam on the fixed orbit while it gains in energy
What are the factors that we need to know if we want to calculate the number of events (N) of a certain process to occur?	cross section of the considered process, the number of particles in the two beams, the frequency of the beam revolution and the size of the beam at the interaction point
Define the luminosity in terms of N1, N2, frev, LX and LY	(1/4pi)(frevN1N2/LX*LY)
Why is the 1/4*pi geometric factor included in the above definition?	Because we assume elliptically-shaped beams with a Gaussian distribution
What are the units of luminosity?	s^(-1)*m^(-2)
What does frev define?	The frequency of revolutions of the beam
Express the number of events, N, in terms of luminosity, time and the cross section of the considered process (P)	P*int(Ldt)
Name a short-range interaction a particle can have with matter	The particle can interact strongly with an atomic nucleus
Name a long-range electromagnetic interaction a particle can have with matter	A charged particle can ionise and excite atoms in the material along its way
Name the two main types of interaction for a strong interaction	Elastic scattering and inelastic scattering
What is meant by inelastic scattering?	The final state particles differ from the initial state.
True or false: At high temperatures inelastic scattering is less dominant than elastic collisions?	False