Holy Roman Emperors

After the fall of Rome in 476, the Franks expanded to fill the power vacuum, culminating in the Frankish king Charlemagne proclaiming himself Emperor of the Romans in 800. When he died, many of his descendants claimed the throne.
The beginning of the Holy Roman Empire came in 962, when one of Charlemagne's great-great-great-great-grandsons was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Then followed nearly a millennium of emperors from an assortment of dynasties, though the Habsburgs came to dominate by the 1400s. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806. Can you name all the Holy Roman Emperors, from 962 onwards?

Regnal numbers must be used, unless an epithet is used instead. Use English versions of names, unless no English version exists.

Co-rulers only included during periods of disputed succession. Not showing interregnums (besides the Great Interregnum), as there are simply too many of them.

There were many periods where the imperial throne was vacant, usually because the de facto emperor hadn't been crowned by the Pope. Many people listed below only held the title of King of Germany, but were Holy Roman Emperors in all but name.

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Last updated: October 14, 2021

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First submitted	April 28, 2020
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Ottonian dynasty	Reign
Otto I the Great	962 - 973 (King of Germany from 936)
Otto II the Red	973 - 983
Otto III	983 - 1002
Henry II	1002 - 1024

Salian dynasty	Reign
Conrad II the Elder	1024 - 1039
Henry III the Black	1039 - 1056
Henry IV	1056 - 1106
Henry V	1106 - 1125

Supplinburg dynasty	Reign
Lothair II	1125 - 1137

House of Hohenstauffen	Reign
Conrad III	1138 - 1152
Frederick I Barbarossa	1152 - 1190
Henry VI	1190 - 1197
Philip of Swabia	1198 - 1208 (disputed)

House of Welf	Reign
Otto IV	1198 - 1215 (disputed until 1208)

House of Hohenstauffen	Reign
Frederick II	1215 - 1250
Great Interregnum	1250 - 1273

House of Habsburg	Reign
Rudolf I	1273 - 1291

House of Nassau	Reign
Adolf	1292 - 1298

House of Habsburg	Reign
Albert I	1298 - 1308

House of Luxembourg	Reign
Henry VII	1308 - 1313

House of Wittelsbach	Reign
Louis IV the Bavarian	1314 - 1347

House of Luxembourg	Reign
Charles IV	1347 - 1378
Wenceslaus	1378 - 1400

House of Wittelsbach	Reign
Rupert of the Palatinate	1400 - 1410

House of Luxembourg	Reign
Sigismund	1410 - 1437

House of Habsburg	Reign
Albert II	1438 - 1440
Frederick III the Peaceful	1440 - 1493
Maximilian I	1493 - 1519
Charles V	1519 - 1556
Ferdinand I	1556 - 1564
Maximilian II	1564 - 1576
Rudolf II	1576 - 1612
Matthias	1612 - 1619
Ferdinand II	1619 - 1637
Ferdinand III	1637 - 1657
Leopold I	1658 - 1705
Joseph I	1705 - 1711
Charles VI	1711 - 1740
Charles VII	1740 - 1745
Francis I	1745 - 1765
Joseph II	1765 - 1790
Leopold II	1790 - 1792
Francis II	1792 - 1806 (Emperor of Austria from 1804)