A Level Psychology Approaches Keywords

Just answer it innit
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Last updated: December 29, 2018
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First submittedDecember 29, 2018
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Behavioural Approach
Answer
Learning through association
Classical Conditioning
Learning through positive and negative reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
When a behaviour is rewarded
Positive Reinforcement
When a behaviour avoids something unpleasant
Negative Reinforcement
Imposing a painful stimulus
Punishment
The name of the experiment which tested for operant conditioning and involved rats
Skinner Box
A stimulus that does not cause the target to react or respond
Neutral Stimulus
When the neutral stimulus causes the same response as the unconditional stimulus on its own because they have become 'paired'
Conditioned Stimulus
When a conditioned response is triggered from a similar conditioned stimulus
Generalisation
The conditioned response is not permanent and if the conditioned stimulus is not shown alongside the unconditional stimulus after a couple of times the conditioned repsonse is not produced.
Extinction
When the target is able to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus
Discrimination
If the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are again linked this is learnt much quicker than the first time
Spontaneous Recovery
The belief that we are born we are a "blank slate"
Tabula Rasa
Cognitive approach
Answer
Measures recognition of past information using electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases or pitcures.
Brain fingerprinting
The scientific study of biological structures in the brain that underpin cognitive processes
Cognitive Neuroscience
A therotical model used by the congitive approach which contains sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory
Multi-Store Model
A mental set of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They develop from experience
Schema
Social Learning Theory
Answer
Cognitive factors that influence learning (E.g. Attitudes, Attention , Emotion, Motivations)
Mediational Processes
When a person associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them
Identification
Learning from seeing the model being reinforced or punished. Not directly experienced by the observer
Vicarious Reinforcement
Copying the behaviour of others
Imitation
Imitating the behaviour of a particular model or a person can model a behaviour that may be copied by an observer
Modelling
The extent to which we notice certain behaviours
Attention
How well the behaviour is remembered
Retention
The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
Motor Production
The desire to perform the behaviour. This depends on whether it has seen to be rewarded or punished
Motivation
Psychodynamic Approach
Answer
The part of the mind that we have no awareness
Unconscious
One of the 3 structures of personality and is associated with morality
Super ego
One of the 3 structures of personality and is associated with pleasure-seeking
Id
Consequence of unresolved conflict
Fixation
Psychosexual stage which focuses on pleasure within the mouth
Oral
Psychosexual stage which focuses on pleasure on the anus
Anal
Psychosexual stage which focuses on pleasure on the genital area
Phallic
The experience boys have when they reach the 3rd psychosexual stage
Oedipus complex
The experience girls have when they reach the 3rd psychosexual stage
Electra complex
Psychosexual where earlier conflicts are repressed
Latency
Psychsexual stage where sexual desires become conscious
Gential
These are used to help for a compromise between the structures of personality
Defence Mechanisms
Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
Repression
Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
Denial
Transferring feelings from the true source of distress onto a substitute target
Displacement
When you turn the feeling into its opposite
Reaction formation
One of the 3 structures of personality and has to come to a compromise between the other two
Ego
Humanistic Approach
Answer
The belief that we determine our own development are and responsible for our choices
Free will
We are able to focus on improving ourselves when certain needs are met
Self actualisation
A chart which displays 4 lower levels of deficency needs and a higher level of growth needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A stage in the chart which includes breathing, food, water, sleep
Physiological
A stage in the chart which includes security of body, of employment, of family, of morality
Safety
A stage in the chart which includes friendship, family, sexual intimacy (Two names eg. __/__ )
Love/Belonging
A stage in the chart which includes self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others
Esteem
A stage in the chart which includes morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice
Self actualisation
The person we would like to be
Ideal self
The person we think we are
Concept of self
When there is a big gap between the person you want to be and the person you think you are
Incongruence
In a childhood where a parent could love you no matter what
Unconditional positive regard
Person centered therapy
Rogerian Therapy
Where there are certain rules to be loved
Conditions of worth
Biological approach
Answer
Twins that share 50% of their genes
Dizyogotic
Twins that share 100% of their genes
Monozygotic
The way a person's genes are expressed physically and behaviourally can be affected by environmental factors
Phenotype
A person's genetic makeup
Genotype
+1
Level 24
Mar 27, 2024
this is doodoo