The History of Medieval Europe - 7th century

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610 - This Byzantine emperor, who made Greek the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire, ascends to the throne

615 - Death of this Irish monk who wrote a monastic rule and founded the abbey of Luxeuil in the Frankish kingdom and the abbey of Bobbio in the Lombard kingdom

622 - This religious leader and his followers make a journey from Mecca to Yathrib, a city that he renames Medina

629 - This Austrasian king who reunited Frankish territories becomes king of the Franks

632 - This man, who is the father-in-law of Muhammad, becomes the first Muslim Caliph

640 - This decisive battle takes place in Egypt. The victory of Amr ibn al-A'as for the Rashidun caliphate opens the door for the Muslim conquest of the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa

642 - This city is captured by the Muslim army of 'Amr ibn al-'As which, according to certain posterior sources like Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, seals the fate of what remained of its famous library

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651 - This empire collapses and its last emperor, Yazdegerd III, is assassinated, allowing the Islamic caliphate to take control of most its territory. Between 632 and 651, the Islamic caliphate has thus managed to conquer Syria, Egypt and Persia

661 - This caliphate is established in Syria by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan

664 - This Northumbrian Synod, taking place at an abbey ruled by Saint Hilda, decides to follow the Roman practice over the Ionan practice

678 - The Byzantines use this weapon during the First Siege of Constantinople

687 - This battle takes place in Merovigian Gaul and sees the victory of the forces of Austrasia led by the mayor of the palace Pepin of Herstal over the forces of Neustria and Burgund

698 - This North African city, after having briefly been recaptured by the Byzantines, definitively falls into the hands of the fifth Umayyad Caliphate