Statistics for Mechanism of action of phase 1 drugs

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General Stats

This quiz has been taken 11 times
The average score is 67 of 149

Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
Bisphosphonates	alendronate, pamidronate	100%
Antacids	aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate	100%
Antiplatelet drugs	aspirin, clopidogrel	100%
HMG-CoA reductase blockers	atorvastatin, simvastatin	100%
Glucocorticosteroid for airway inflammation	beclometasone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone	100%
Thiazides	bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, chlortalidone	100%
Stimulant purgatives	bisacodyl, senna	100%
beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists	bisoprolol, atenolol	100%
Mixed agonist-antagonist opioid	buprenorphine	100%
Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors	carbidopa	100%
Antibiotics: Cephalosporins	ceftriaxone	100%
Antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones	ciprofloxacin	100%
Antibiotics: Lincosamides	clindamycin	100%
Weak opioids	codeine, dihydrocodeine	100%
Opioid anti-motility agents	codeine, loperamide	100%
Progesterone only contraceptives	desogestrel, levonorgestrel	100%
Combined oral contraceptives	desogestrel with ethinylestradiol	100%
Glucocorticosteroid for CNS inflammation	dexamethasone	100%
Benzodiazepines	diazepam	100%
Labour induction	dinoprostone	100%
Faecal softeners	docusate, arachis oil	100%
Anticholinesterases	donepezil, galantamine	100%
COMT inhibitors	entacapone	100%
Antibiotics: Macrolides	erythromycin	100%
HRT	estradiol, estradiol with noresthisterone, estradiol with medroxyprogesterone	100%
Histamine antagonist	famotidine	100%
Essential nutrient for pregnancy (neural tube development)	folic acid	100%
Loop diuretics	furosemide	100%
Nitrate vasodilators	glycerol trinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate	100%
NSAIDs	ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac	100%
Disease-modifying biologics	infliximab, rituximab	100%
Antimuscarinics	ipratropium, tiotropium, glycopyrronium	100%
Dopaminergic drugs	levodopa	100%
Emergency contraceptives	levonorgestrel, ulipristal	100%
Thyroid medications	levothyroxine, liothyronine	100%
ARBs	losartan, valsartan	100%
Essential nutrient for preterm labour	magnesium	100%
Antibiotics: Beta lactams: carbapenems	meropenem	100%
Bulk laxatives	methylcellulose, ispaghula husk	100%
MAOIs	moclobemide	100%
Leukotriene receptor antagonists	montelukast, zafirlukast	100%
Strong opioids	morphine, diamorphine	100%
Calcium channel antagonists	nifedipine, amlodipine	100%
Proton pump inhibitors	omeprazole, lansoprazole	100%
Antimuscarinic class (incontinence)	oxybutynin	100%
Labour augmentation	oxytocin	100%
Weak analgesics	paracetamol	100%
Dopamine receptor agonists	pramipexole, ropinirole	100%
Anticholinesterase for myasthenia gravis	pyridostigmine	100%
Menopausal osteoporosis \| Selective oestrogen receptor modulator	raloxifene	100%
ACE inhibitors	ramipril, lisinopril	100%
Labour analgesics	remifentanil, pethidine	100%
Neprilysin inhibitors	sacubitril	100%
MAOI-b inhibitors	selegiline	100%
SSRIs	sertraline, citalopram	100%
Alginates	sodium alginate with sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate	100%
Potassium sparing diuretics	spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride	100%
Alpha-1a adrenergic receptors (retention)	tamsulosin	100%
Antibiotics: Tetracyclines	tetracycline, doxycycline	100%
Methylxanthines	theophylline, aminophylline	100%
Synthetic opioid	tramadol	100%
Antibiotics: Anti-folate antibiotics	trimethoprim	100%
Anticoagulants	unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin	100%
SNRIs	venlafaxine	100%
Essential nutrient for pregnancy	vitamin D	100%
Bone vitamins	vitamin D, calcitriol, IV calcium gluconate	100%
Thyroid medications MoA	activation of thyroid hormone receptors	0%
Selective oestrogen receptor modulator MoA	agonist, activates oestrogen receptor which stimulates osteoblast production and inhibits osteoclast activity maintaining bone density	0%
Beta-2 adrenergic agonists MoA	agonist, binds directly to beta-2 receptors activating adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP which activates protein kinase A which acts on the myosin light chain driving Ca2+ from smooth muscle cells leading to dilation and airway muscle relaxation	0%
Opioid anti motility agents MoA	agonist binds to mu-opioid receptor in myenteric plexus reducing intestinal motility	0%
Opioid MoA	agonist, binds to mu-opioid receptors and activates G0 G-protein which switches off cAMP production, inhibits opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels causing reduced Ca2+ influx into the neuron, opens K+ channels in neuron which stimulates K+ outflow from neuron, this promotes hyperpolarisation of neurons reducing their activity	0%
Labour analgesics MoA	agonist binds to mu-opioid receptor suppressing pain transmission	0%
Benzodiazepines MoA	agonist, binds to specific sites on GABA-A receptors causing opening of Cl- channels enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA, which then inhibits neurotransmitter activity	0%
Dopamine receptor agonists MoA	agonist, interacts directly with dopamine receptors in the post-synaptic neuron	0%
Alpha-1a adrenergic receptors MoA	antagonist binds to and inhibits alpha-a1 adrenergic receptors which act on smooth muscle in the bladder and promotes urine passage	0%
Leukotriene receptor antagonists MoA	antagonist binds to and inhibits CysLT1 receptors of eosinophils preventing binding of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes	0%
beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists MoA	antagonist binds to beta-1 adrenergic receptor on cardiomyocytes reducing inotropy and chronotropy	0%
Bisphosphonate MoA	antagonist, binds to hydroxyapatite, inhibits osteoclast activity reducing bone breakdown	0%
Antimuscarinics MoA	antagonist binds to m2-muscarinic receptors, inhibits cholinergic activity of smooth muscle of airway leading to muscle relaxation	0%
NSAIDs MoA	antagonist, inhibit COX activity, block production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, reduced na channel opening, reduced depolarisation	0%
Anticholinesterase for myasthenia gravis MoA \| Anticholinesterases MoA	antagonist, inhibits acetylcholinesterase	0%
MAOIs MoA	antagonist, inhibits activity of monoamine A oxidase enzyme which breaks down neurotransmitters, therefore MAOIs increase availability of selective neurotransmitters in the CNS. inhibition is reversible.	0%
ARBs MoA	antagonist inhibits angiotensin 2 receptor reducing cardiac afterload and vasoconstriction	0%
COMT inhibitors MoA	antagonist, inhibits COMT enzymes which themselves inactivate peripheral levodopa, this increases bioavailability of CNS levodopa which increases bioavailability of dopamine	0%
ACE inhibitors MoA	antagonist inhibits conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, lowering angiotensin 2 levels and reducing cardiac afterload and vasoconstriction	0%
Weak analgesics MoA	antagonist, inhibits COX activity in CNS not PNS, acts on heat-regulating centres in brain with antipyretic use	0%
Histamine antagonist MoA	antagonist inhibits h2-receptors	0%
Potassium sparing diuretics MoA	antagonist inhibits mineralocorticoid receptors/sodium transport via ENaC channels	0%
Antimuscarinic class MoA	antagonist inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors which relax bladder detrusor muscle	0%
Thiazides MoA	antagonist inhibits Na+/Ck- transporter in early distal tubule	0%
Loop diuretics MoA	antagonist inhibits Na+/K+/2A-� transporters in loop of henle	0%
Anti-epileptics MoA	antagonist, inhibits of voltage gated Na channels 2. increases GABA availability	0%
Bone biologic MoA	antagonist inhibits osteoclast activity	0%
Methylxanthines MoA	antagonist, inhibits phosphodiesterase-4 which increases cAMP levels in cells which activates protein kinase A which acts on myosin light chain driving Ca2+ from smooth muscle cells leading to dilation and airway muscle relaxation	0%
SSRIs MoA	antagonist, inhibits serotonin 5HT reuptake transporters which increases availability of 5HT in synaptic cleft	0%
SNRIs MoA	antagonist, inhibits serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake transporters which increases availability of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft	0%
Proton pump inhibitors MoA	antagonist irreversibly binds to and inhibits H+/K+/ATPase enzyme in gastric parietal cells	0%
MAOI-b inhibitors MoA	antagonist, selectively inhibits the MAO enzyme to sustain neuronal dopamine levels	0%
Antiplatelet drugs MoA	antagonists that reduce platelet activation preventing thrombosis. aspirin binds to COX enzyme and inhibits thromboxane A2 production, clopidogrel binds to and inhibits ADP receptors	0%
Antibiotics: Beta lactams: carbapenems MoA \| Antibiotics: Beta-lactams: penicillins MoA \| Antibiotics: Cephalosporins MoA	bacteriocidal, binds to penicillin binding proteins disrupting cell wall synthesis causing cell lysis	0%
Antibiotics: Tetracyclines MoA	bacteriostatic, binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis causing reduced growth	0%
Antibiotics: Lincosamides MoA \| Antibiotics: Macrolides MoA	bacteriostatic, binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis causing reduced growth	0%
Antibiotics: Anti-folate antibiotics MoA	bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis which inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis reducing growth	0%
Antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones MoA	bacteriostatic, inhibits DNA coiling causing reduced bacterial growth	0%
Menopausal osteoporosis MoA	binds to oestrogen receptors in bone preventing osteoporosis	0%
Calcium channel antagonists MoA	blockades L-type calcium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells which promotes vasodilation	0%
Glucocorticosteroid for CNS inflammation MoA \| Glucocorticosteroid for airway inflammation MoA	corticosteroid enters cell, binds and forms a complex with glucocorticoid receptor, then acts as a transcription factor enhancing expression of anti-inflammatory products and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators	0%
Bone biologic	denosumab	0%
Labour augmentation MoA	drives myometrial contractions	0%
Anticoagulants MoA	enhances action of antithrombin 3 to inhibit thrombin and factor Xa, reduces coagulation cascade activity	0%
Device/implants contraceptives	etonogestrel, levonorgestrel	0%
Antibiotics: Beta-lactams: penicillins	flucloxacillin, benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin	0%
Essential nutrient for pregnancy MoA	foetal bone, kidney, neural and heart development	0%
Essential nutrient for pregnancy (neural tube development) MoA	foetal spinal and neural development, reduces risk of spina bifida	0%
Antacids MoA	gastric acid neutralisation	0%
Alginates MoA	gastric acid neutralisation and formation of a viscous layer when in contact with water which sits on the surface of gastric contents and reduces reflux	0%
Faecal softeners MoA	increases fat and water uptake into stool softening and increasing stool bulk which stimulates purgation and transit	0%
Osmotic laxatives MoA	increases fluid uptake within GI lumen softening and increasing stool bulk which drives colonic distention and motility	0%
Bulk laxatives MoA	increases water retention within intestinal lumen softening and increasing stool bulk which drives colonic distention and motility	0%
Disease-modifying biologics MoA	infliximab - antagonist that binds to and inhibits TNF-alpha. rituximab - binds to CD20 and depletes B cells	0%
Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors MoA	inhibits DDC enzyme activity within periphery increasing levodopa levels within periphery which increases bioavailability of levodopa in CNS	0%
Anti-proliferative agents MoA	inhibits enzymatic activity which reduces lymphocyte proliferation	0%
HMG-CoA reductase blockers MoA	inhibits mevalonate metabolism in cholesterol synthesis pathway and enhances low-density lipoprotein uptake which lowers plasma cholesterol	0%
Neprilysin inhibitors MoA	inhibits neprilysin enzyme which increases natriuretic peptide hormone levels. promotes natriuresis, reduces cardiac preload, improves renal function, decreases fluid retention and increases vasodilation	0%
Dopaminergic drugs MoA	levodopa is a metabolic precursor to dopamine, it is naturally converted into dopamine within neurons to enable dopaminergic neurotransmission	0%
Osmotic laxatives	macrogol, lactulose	0%
Anti-proliferative agents	methotrexate, azathioprine	0%
Bone hormones MoA	modulation of calcium metabolism and bone resorption	0%
Opioid receptor antagonist	naloxone	0%
Bone hormones	parathyroid hormone, calcitonin	0%
Essential nutrient for preterm labour MoA	provides neuroprotection for preterm foetuses reducing risk of cerebral palsy	0%
Nitrate vasodilators MoA	releases nitric oxide which promotes dilation of smooth muscle in coronary arteries and veins	0%
Bone vitamins MoA	restores calcium/vitamin D levels	0%
HRT MoA	restores hormone levels and function	0%
Beta-2 adrenergic agonists	salbutamol (short), salmeterol (long)	0%
Stimulant purgatives MoA	stimulates intestinal motility and purgation	0%
Labour induction MoA	stimulates myometrial uterine contractions and cervical ripening	0%
Immunosuppressive agents	sulphasalazine, penicillamine	0%
Device/implants contraceptives MoA	suppresses ovulation and alters endometrium	0%
Combined oral contraceptives MoA \| Emergency contraceptives MoA	suppresses ovulation and reduces LH and FSH secretion	0%
Progesterone only contraceptives MoA	suppresses ovulation and reduces LH and FSH secretion and alters endometrium	0%
Anti-epileptics	valproate, carbamazepine, diazepam	0%