|
Year
|
Nationality
|
Reason for Award
|
Answer
|
|
2016
|
French
|
"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
|
Jean-Pierre Sauvage
|
|
British
|
Sir J. Fraser Stoddart
|
|
Dutch
|
Ben Feringa
|
|
2015
|
Swedish, British
|
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
|
Tomas Lindahl
|
|
American
|
Paul Modrich
|
|
Turkish
|
Aziz Sancar
|
|
2014
|
American
|
"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
|
Eric Betzig
|
|
Romanian, German
|
Stefan Hell
|
|
American
|
William E. Moerner
|
|
2013
|
Austrian, American
|
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
|
Martin Karplus
|
|
American, Israeli, British
|
Michael Levitt
|
|
American, Israeli
|
Arieh Warshel
|
|
2012
|
American
|
"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
|
Robert Lefkowitz
|
|
American
|
Brian Kobilka
|
|
2011
|
Israeli
|
"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
|
Dan Schechtman
|
|
2010
|
Japanese
|
"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
|
Akira Suzuki
|
|
Japanese
|
Ei-ichi Negishi
|
|
American
|
Richard F. Heck
|
|
2009
|
Indian, American, British
|
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
|
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
|
|
American
|
Thomas A. Steitz
|
|
Israeli
|
Ada E. Yonath
|
|
2008
|
Japanese
|
"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
|
Osamu Shimomura
|
|
American
|
Martin Chalfie
|
|
American
|
Roger Y. Tsien
|
|
2007
|
German
|
"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
|
Gerhard Ertl
|
|
2006
|
American
|
"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
|
Roger D. Kornberg
|
|
2005
|
French
|
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
|
Yves Chauvin
|
|
American
|
Robert H. Grubbs
|
|
American
|
Richard R. Schrock
|
|
2004
|
Israeli
|
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
|
Aaron Ciechanover
|
|
American
|
Irwin Rose
|
|
Israeli
|
Avram Hershko
|
|
2003
|
American
|
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes", "for the discovery of water channels"
|
Peter Agre
|
|
American
|
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes", "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
|
Roderick MacKinnon
|
|
2002
|
American
|
"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules", "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
|
John B. Fenn
|
|
Japanese
|
Koichi Tanaka
|
|
Swiss
|
"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules", "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
|
Kurt Wuthrich
|
|
2001
|
Japanese
|
"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
|
Ryoji Noyori
|
|
American
|
William S. Knowles
|
|
American
|
"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
|
K. Barry Sharpless
|
|
2000
|
New Zealander, American
|
"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
|
Alan MacDiarmid
|
|
American
|
Alan J. Heeger
|
|
Japanese
|
Hideki Shirakawa
|
|
1999
|
American, Egyptian
|
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
|
Ahmed H. Zewail
|
|
1998
|
American
|
"for his development of the density-functional theory"
|
Walter Kohn
|
|
British
|
"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
|
John A. Pople
|
|
1997
|
Danish
|
"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
|
Jens C. Skou
|
|
American
|
"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
|
Paul D. Boyer
|
|
British
|
John E. Walker
|
|
1996
|
American
|
"for their discovery of fullerenes"
|
Robert F. Curl Jr.
|
|
British
|
Sir Harold W. Kroto
|
|
American
|
Richard E. Smalley
|
|
1995
|
Dutch
|
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
|
Paul J. Crutzen
|
|
American
|
F. Sherwood Rowland
|
|
Mexican
|
Mario J. Molina
|
|
1994
|
American, Hungarian
|
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
|
George A. Olah
|
|
1993
|
American
|
"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry", "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
|
Kary B. Mullis
|
|
Canadian
|
"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry", "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
|
Michael Smith
|
|
1992
|
Canadian, American
|
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
|
Rudolph A. Marcus
|
|
1991
|
Swiss
|
"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
|
Richard R. Ernst
|
|
1990
|
American
|
"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
|
Elias James Corey
|
|
1989
|
Canadian, American
|
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
|
Sidney Altman
|
|
American
|
Thomas R. Cech
|
|
1988
|
West German
|
"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
|
Johann Deisenhofer
|
|
West German
|
Robert Huber
|
|
West German
|
Hartmut Michel
|
|
1987
|
American
|
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
|
Donald J. Cram
|
|
French
|
Jean-Marie Lehn
|
|
American
|
Charles J. Pedersen
|
|
1986
|
American
|
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
|
Dudley R. Herschbach
|
|
Taiwanese
|
Yuan T. Lee
|
|
Canadian, Hungarian
|
John C. Polanyi
|
|
1985
|
American
|
"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
|
Herbert A. Hauptman
|
|
American
|
Jerome Karle
|
|
1984
|
American
|
"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
|
Robert Bruce Merrifield
|
|
1983
|
Canadian, American
|
"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
|
Henry Taube
|
|
1982
|
British
|
"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
|
Aaron Klug
|
|
1981
|
Japanese
|
"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
|
Kenichi Fukui
|
|
American
|
Roald Hoffmann
|
|
1980
|
American
|
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
|
Paul Berg
|
|
American
|
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
|
Walter Gilbert
|
|
British
|
Frederick Sanger
|
|
1979
|
American
|
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
|
Herbert C. Brown
|
|
West German
|
Georg Wittig
|
|
1978
|
British
|
"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
|
Peter D. Mitchell
|
|
1977
|
Belgian
|
"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
|
Ilya Prigogine
|
|
1976
|
American
|
"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
|
William N. Lipscomb
|
|
1975
|
Australian, British
|
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
|
John Warcup Cornforth
|
|
Swiss
|
"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
|
Vladimir Prelog
|
|
1974
|
American
|
"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
|
Paul J. Flory
|
|
1973
|
West German
|
"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
|
Ernst Otto Fischer
|
|
British
|
Geoffrey Wilkinson
|
|
1972
|
American
|
"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
|
Christian B. Anfinsen
|
|
American
|
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
|
Stanford Moore
|
|
American
|
William H. Stein
|
|
1971
|
Canadian, West German
|
"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
|
Gerhard Herzberg
|
|
1970
|
Argentinian
|
"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
|
Luis F. Leloir
|
|
1969
|
British
|
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
|
Derek H.R. Barton
|
|
Norwegian
|
Odd Hassel
|
|
1968
|
Norwegian, American
|
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
|
Lars Onsager
|
|
1967
|
West German
|
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
|
Manfred Eigen
|
|
British
|
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish
|
|
British
|
George Porter
|
|
1966
|
American
|
"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
|
Robert S. Mulliken
|
|
1965
|
American
|
"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
|
Robert Burns Woodward
|
|
1964
|
British
|
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
|
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
|
|
1963
|
West German
|
"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
|
Karl Ziegler
|
|
Italian
|
Giulio Natta
|
|
1962
|
British
|
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
|
Max Ferdinand Perutz
|
|
British
|
John Cowdery Kendrew
|
|
1961
|
American
|
"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
|
Melvin Calvin
|
|
1960
|
American
|
"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
|
Willard Frank Libby
|
|
1959
|
Czechoslovakian
|
"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
|
Jaroslav Heyrovsky
|
|
1958
|
British
|
"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
|
Frederick Sanger
|
|
1957
|
British
|
"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
|
Lord (Alexander R.) Todd
|
|
1956
|
British
|
"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
|
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
|
|
Russian/Soviet
|
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov
|
|
1955
|
American
|
"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
|
Vincent du Vigneaud
|
|
1954
|
American
|
"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
|
Linus Carl Pauling
|
|
1953
|
West German
|
"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
|
Hermann Staudinger
|
|
1952
|
British
|
"for their invention of partition chromatography"
|
Archer John Porter Martin
|
|
British
|
Richard Laurence Millington Synge
|
|
1951
|
American
|
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
|
Edwin Mattison McMillan
|
|
American
|
Glenn Theodore Seaborg
|
|
1950
|
West German
|
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
|
Otto Paul Hermann Diels
|
|
West German
|
Kurt Alder
|
|
1949
|
American
|
"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
|
William Giauque
|
|
1948
|
Swedish
|
"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
|
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
|
|
1947
|
British
|
"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
|
Sir Robert Robinson
|
|
1946
|
American
|
"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
|
James Batcheller Sumner
|
|
American
|
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
|
John Howard Northrop
|
|
American
|
Wendell Meredith Stanley
|
|
1945
|
Finnish
|
"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
|
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
|
|
1944
|
Nazi German
|
"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
|
Otto Hahn
|
|
1943
|
Nazi German, Hungarian
|
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
|
George de Hevesy
|
|
1942
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1941
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1940
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1939
|
Nazi German
|
"for his work on sex hormones"
|
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt
|
|
Croatian, Swiss
|
"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
|
Leopold Ruzicka
|
|
1938
|
Austrian, Nazi German
|
"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
|
Richard Kuhn
|
|
1937
|
British
|
"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
|
Walter Norman Haworth
|
|
Swiss
|
"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
|
Paul Karrer
|
|
1936
|
Dutch, American
|
"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
|
Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye
|
|
1935
|
French
|
"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
|
Frederic Joliot
|
|
French
|
Irene Joliot-Curie
|
|
1934
|
American
|
"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
|
Harold Clayton Urey
|
|
1933
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1932
|
American
|
"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
|
Irving Langmuir
|
|
1931
|
German
|
"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
|
Carl Bosch
|
|
German
|
Friedrich Bergius
|
|
1930
|
German
|
"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
|
Hans Fischer
|
|
1929
|
British
|
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
|
Arthur Harden
|
|
German, Swedish
|
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
|
|
1928
|
German
|
"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
|
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
|
|
1927
|
German
|
"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
|
Heinrich Otto Wieland
|
|
1926
|
Swedish
|
"for his work on disperse systems"
|
The (Theodor) Svedberg
|
|
1925
|
Austrian, Hungarian
|
"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry"
|
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
|
|
1924
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1923
|
Austrian
|
"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
|
Fritz Pregl
|
|
1922
|
British
|
"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
|
Francis William Aston
|
|
1921
|
British
|
"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
|
Frederick Soddy
|
|
1920
|
German
|
"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry"
|
Walther Hermann Nernst
|
|
1919
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1918
|
German
|
"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
|
Fritz Haber
|
|
1917
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1916
|
No Award Given.
|
|
1915
|
German
|
"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
|
Richard Martin Willstatter
|
|
1914
|
American
|
"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
|
Theodore William Richards
|
|
1913
|
Swiss
|
"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry"
|
Alfred Werner
|
|
1912
|
French
|
"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry"
|
Victor Grignard
|
|
French
|
"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years"
|
Paul Sabatier
|
|
1911
|
Polish, French
|
"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
|
Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
|
|
1910
|
German
|
"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
|
Otto Wallach
|
|
1909
|
German
|
"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
|
Wilhelm Ostwald
|
|
1908
|
British, New Zealander
|
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
|
Ernest Rutherford
|
|
1907
|
German
|
"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
|
Eduard Buchner
|
|
1906
|
French
|
"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him"
|
Henri Moissan
|
|
1905
|
German
|
"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
|
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
|
|
1904
|
British
|
"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
|
Sir William Ramsay
|
|
1903
|
Swedish
|
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
|
Svante August Arrhenius
|
|
1902
|
German
|
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
|
Hermann Emil Fischer
|
|
1901
|
Dutch
|
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
|
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
|
