Question
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Answer
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Define protectionism
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Taxes and tariffs on imports and exports to protect domestic markets
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Define mercantilism
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A nation should seek a positive balance of trade, while keeping dependent trading partners in a negative balance of trade
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In what year did Britain emerge as the sole superpower of the world, with global dominance in trade?
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1815
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Describe how Britain made money on all three points of the Slave Trade Triangle (1)
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Sold manufactured goods to Africa
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Describe how Britain made money on all three points of the Slave Trade Triangle (2)
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Sold slaves to Americas and West Indies
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Describe how Britain made money on all three points of the Slave Trade Triangle (3)
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Sold raw materials produced on plantations in Europe
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How many MPs had investments in plantations in the 1760s?
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40
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How much money did the Lottery make on a single voyage of the Triangular Trade? (In £)
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12091
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Who owned this ship?
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Thomas Leyland
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How much would a single slave be sold for at auction, on average? (In £)
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50
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Name 3 port cities in Britain that grew wealthy as a result of the Slave Trade. (1)
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Bristol
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Name 3 port cities in Britain that grew wealthy as a result of the Slave Trade. (2)
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Glasgow
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Name 3 port cities in Britain that grew wealthy as a result of the Slave Trade. (3)
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London
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How many ships sailed from Liverpool each year on the Slave Trade?
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120-130
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Name a Bristol family who owned plantations in the Caribbean.
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Pinneys
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Name one impact of the Abolition of the Slave Trade on British trading patterns.
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Looked east for new markets
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What did Britain use taxes levied from the slave trade to fund?
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The Royal Navy
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Why was there never a shortage in demand for new slaves from Africa?
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They were worked to death
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Which Lord Mayor of London owned thousands of acres in plantations?
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William Beckford
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What percentage of Bristol’s income was tied to the slave trade?
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40
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Which governor of the Bank of England chaired a pressure group in favour of planters and plantation owners?
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Sir Richard Neave
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Which plantation was owned by the Church of England in Barbados?
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Cordington
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How many slaves were there in this plantation?
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400
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Which group began campaigning for abolition in 1783?
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Quakers
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Which Prime Minister supported the abolitionist movement?
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Pitt the Younger
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In what year was a proposed bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade defeated in the House of Lords?
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1806
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In which French colony was there a slave rebellion?
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Haiti
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What did Britain do as a result of this rebellion?
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Invaded, hoped to seize the island, the slaves and the plantations
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What did Napoleon do in 1802?
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Reinstate slavery in French colonies
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How did this change the British position?
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Abolish slavery to undermine the French and incite rebellion in French colonies
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When was the Slave Trade abolished in England?
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1807
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When did the Slave Trade finally cease in British colonies?
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1833
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When did the Slave Trade end in the West Indies?
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1834
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Who led the Abolitionist movement?
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William Wilberforce
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What proportion of ships involved in the slave trade lost money in the 18th Century?
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1/10
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In 1778, how much did investors in the slave trade lose? (In £)
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700,000
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How much did the government pay to slave owners in compensation for their lost revenue? (In £)
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20,000,000
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Of what percentage of government revenue was this figure?
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40
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What is a positive balance of trade?
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Export value being higher than import
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What is a negative balance of trade?
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Export value being lower than import
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What book did Adam Smith write in 1776?
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The Wealth of Nations
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What are the main arguments in this book?
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Monopoly capitalism and mercantilism were foolish
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Which group dominated parliament before 1832?
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Landowning elites
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Which colonies were in open rebellion, then all out war, against Britain as a result of mercantilist thinking?
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The 13 colonies
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In which other colony did Britain experience unrest as a result of Mercantilist thinking?
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Ireland
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Which was the second largest city in the Empire, after London?
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Dublin
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Where was wealth centred in Ireland?
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Rich, protestant landowners
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What happened in Ireland in 1778?
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Protests demanding free trade
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When were protectionist tariffs removed entirely from Ireland?
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1779
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What was the main reason trade restrictions were lifted in Ireland?
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Avoid additional conflict
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What kept the grain price high until 1815?
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Napoleonic Wars
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Which law was passed in 1815, to protect the income of landed elites in Britain?
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The Corn Laws
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Which party was elected in 1830?
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Whigs
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What was passed in 1832?
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The Great Reform Act
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By how much was the electorate expanded in 1832? (Percentage)
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60%
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Which groups now had better representation in parliament?
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Merchants and industrialists
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In what year was the Conservative Party founded?
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1834
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What was formed in 1838?
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Anti-Corn Law League
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Which Prime Minister repealed more than 1200 protectionist tariffs?
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Peel
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How did Peel balance government finance with the loss of these tariffs?
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Reintroduced income tax
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The repealing of which two protectionist laws saw the above Prime Minister lose the election to Lord Russell?
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Sugar and corn
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What are the 3 elements of the Navigation Acts? (1)
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Colonial goods must be carried on British ships
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What are the 3 elements of the Navigation Acts? (2)
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Some goods had to be shipped first to England to be taxed
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What are the 3 elements of the Navigation Acts? (3)
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European exports to British colonies had to land in Britain first
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In what way might the Navigation Acts have suited British colonies?
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The exported primarily raw goods anyway, and it made no difference where their final destination was
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What approach had Britain traditionally taken to enforcement of the Navigation Acts and mercantilist system as a whole?
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Salutary Neglect
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When did the above change and why?
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1763, end of the 7 Years War
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What did the Royal Navy do as a result of this change?
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Seize ships and cargo if not abiding to the acts
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In what year were the Navigation Acts repealed?
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1849
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In what way did the repealing of the Navigation Acts prioritise Free Trade over defence? (1)
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Less British ships at sea as goods didn’t have to be carried on British ships
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In what way did the repealing of the Navigation Acts prioritise Free Trade over defence? (2)
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Less trained seamen for the Navy to impress during times of war
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Which Prime Minister was responsible for the repeal of the Navigation Acts?
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Lord Russell
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When was the Tariff Reform League founded?
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1903
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What was the main aim of the Tariff Reform League?
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Return to protectionism but within the Empire
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What happened to the Tariff Reform League?
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Joseph Chamberlain lost the election, League fell apart
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Which company wished to expand trade into China in the 1800s?
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East India Company
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Where did China restrict foreign traders to?
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Canton
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What was the only passage to this area and which foreign power controlled it?
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Straits of Malacca, the Dutch
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When was Singapore founded and by whom?
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1819, Sir Stamford Raffles
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How many Spanish Dollars flowed through Singapore by 1824?
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11 Million
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What is an entrepot?
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Port with no taxes or tariffs
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What was the aim in setting up Singapore as a base? (1)
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Outcompete the Dutch
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What was the aim in setting up Singapore as a base? (2)
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Secure stronger trading links with China
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In what way did Singapore’s entrepot status make trading more efficient and profitable?
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Ships could load and unload, so cargo destined for Europe from China did not have to make the journey in a single voyage
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How many merchant houses were in Singapore by 1846?
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60
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What are some earlier examples of entrepots (before Singapore)?
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Antwerp
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What did the success of Singapore convince British policy markers of?
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Free Trade
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By 1797 the East India Company was in a budget deficit and was using silver bullion to purchase Chinese goods. What product did it decide to sell to make up the shortfall?
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Opium
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In what 2 years did Britain send ambassadors to China in an effort to open up trade with the Chinese Empire? (1)
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1792
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In what 2 years did Britain send ambassadors to China in an effort to open up trade with the Chinese Empire? (2)
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1816
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What had Britain managed to trade with China before 1842 (not opium)?
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Wool and cotton from India
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How many tons of opium were sold in China in 1775?
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75
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How many in 1800?
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200
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How many in 1822?
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347
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When did the East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China end? (Hint, it ended in the second of 2 Charter Acts passed)
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1833
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How many tons of opium were traded in 1839?
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2553
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How many addicts were there in China as a result?
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12 Million
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When was the blockade at Canton?
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1839
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How many tons of opium did the Chinese authorities burn as part of this crackdown on the British opium trade?
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1000
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Who was the British foreign secretary at the time?
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Lord Palmerston
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What is gunboat diplomacy?
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Forcible access to new trading markets, use of the Navy to do so
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When did the British seize the island of Hong Kong, using gunboat diplomacy to do so?
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1841
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Which British ship (East India Ship, not HMS) led the British to a decisive victory in the Opium War?
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Nemesis
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What is significant about the geography and geology of Hong Kong?
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Largest deep water port in the world
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What was the population of Hong Kong by 1900?
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100,000
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Which treaty opened Shanghai to British traders in 1842?
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Nanking or the Unequal Treaties
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How much, in silver dollars, did Britain demand in compensation for the burned opium?
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6 Million
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How much did they demand in reparations?
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3 Million
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Shanghai sits at the month of which major river?
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Yangtze
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How many miles into the Chinese interior does this river flow? (To Wuhan city.)
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1000
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What did the British establish in Shanghai, despite it being legally Chinese sovereign territory?
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Self-governing settlement
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When did the Americans establish a settlement there?
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1848
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When did the French?
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1849
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What was established in 1854?
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Shanghai municipal council
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What was the role of this organisation by the 1860s?
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De facto government of Shanghai
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How much opium was traded via Shanghai in 1880?
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6500 Tons
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How did the Taiping rebellion also fuel trade in Shanghai?
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Gun trade
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How many Chinese were estimated to have died in this rebellion?
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20-30 Million
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Which engineer designed and built the Suez Canal?
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Ferdinand de Lesseps
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How much did it cost? (In French francs)
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433 million francs
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How long did construction take?
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10 Years
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Which kind of ships were able to operate on the canal?
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Steam
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By how much did steam tonnage entering the canal from the east increase between 1868 and 1874? (Percentage)
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178%
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By 1874, how much of the tonnage passing through the canal was British?
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3/4
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Which colonies did the canal shorten the route to? (3 Places)
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India, China, Australia
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What was the British concern about the ownership and operation of the canal?
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Didn’t like the fact it was French majority owned and operated
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When did Disraeli purchase the Suez Canal Shares from the bankrupt Khedive?
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1875
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What sum of money did he pay for these shares? (In pounds)
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£4,000,000
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What percentage did GB now own?
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45%
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What were the returns on this investment by 1911? (Percentage)
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33%
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How many tons of material passed through the canal in that year (1911)?
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Over 18,000,000
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Why was Gladstone upset with Disreali? (1)
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Thought ownership of the Suez would result in Britain being dragged into Egyptian affairs
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Why was Gladstone upset with Disreali? (2)
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Did not like the fact he had borrowed the money privately
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True or false. Zanzibar was an entrepot before British involvement?
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True
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Why were the British interested in Zanzibar from as early as 1815?
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To protect the trade route around the Cape
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How many slaves would be traded through Zanzibar annually, before 1822?
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50,000
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When did the British pressure the Sultan to ban slavery in Zanzibar? (Slave exporting)
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1822
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When was slavery banned completely in Zanzibar?
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1873
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What 4 things were traded via Zanzibar?
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Ivory, rubber, cloves, spice
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What were import duties fixed to in 1844 in order to encourage trade in Zanzibar? (as a percentage)
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5%
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Which other imperial power was interested in Zanzibar?
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Germany
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Who had tried to set up a trade route between Zanzibar and Aden in 1878?
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William Mackinnon
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This failed but when Germany became involved, he was encouraged to try again. What association did he create?
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British East Africa Association
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The association never returned a profit. What were its costs and takings in 1892?
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£85,000 to £35,000
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What was the key motivation for Britain having a foothold in Zanzibar?
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Worried that another power could divert the Nile or force Britain out of Egypt
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In what year did Germany and Britain agree that Zanzibar would be British?
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1890
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What did the Germans gain as a concession?
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A small island in the North Sea
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What did Salisbury say about Zanzibar’s protectorate status?
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“More acceptable for the half civilised races and more suitable to them”
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Why did the British bomb Zanzibar in 1896, in a “war” that lasted only 38 minutes?
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The Sultan died and his anti-British successor was not liked
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When did the British lease Wei Hei?
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1898
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Which empire was Britain seeking to undermine by doing so?
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Russia
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What “game” was Britain playing with Russia?
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The Great Game
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Which other port had the above empire taken?
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Port Arthur
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What is the meaning of the word Geopolitics?
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Taking land to prevent other powers from doing so
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How much commercial value did WeiHaiWei have?
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None
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How long did Britain say they would lease would last?
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“For as long as Russia should occupy Port Arthur”
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The British coal industry reached its peak in 1913. How much was it exporting?
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94 million tons
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In the same year, what percentage of the textiles trade belonged to Britain?
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70%
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By the middle of the 1800s, how much did Britain export to Latin America (in terms of percentage)?
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7%
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What factor allowed Britain greater access to Latin American markets?
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Some former Spanish colonies had broken away from the Iberian colonial system
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What goods did Britain import from India by 1900?
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Iron, steel, engineering goods
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Explain as briefly as possible the impact Industrialisation had on Britain and her trading patterns.
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Desire for cheap raw materials may explain Britain’s drive to access new markets and colonies
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Give a statistic to illustrate population change in Britain across the period of Industrialisation. (1)
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Manchester population, 2.3 million by 1911
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Give a statistic to illustrate population change in Britain across the period of Industrialisation. (2)
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Britain, 30.5 million by 1901
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Britain declined as an Industrial power with the onset of competition from which other powers by the eve of the First World War? (name 3)
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Germany, USA, Japan
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How much of the world’s industrial output was British on the eve of the First World War? (Percentage)
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27%
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