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(1644-1911 CE) the last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic; Formed the territorial base of the modern Chinese State; founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years
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Qing Dynasty
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Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties
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Manchus
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Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
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Mughal Empire
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Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
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Ottoman Empire
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Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) between 16th and 18th centuries that had a syncretic culuture of the Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs
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Safavid Empire
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A West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade in the region during the period; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal
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Songhai Empire
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'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.
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Devshirme
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Elite Ottoman guard trained as foot soldiers or administrators that were recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system; they often converted to Islam
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Janissary
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Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land
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Samurai
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The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on Earth and are therefore answerable only to God / Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from God; commonly used by European monarchs as justification for their absolute rule
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Divine Right
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A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
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Absolute Monarchy
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Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility
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Versailles
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Archaic tax system of the Mughal Empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor
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Zamindars
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To generate money for territorial expansion, Ottoman rulers used this tax-collection system; under this system, the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them
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Tax farming
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Religious reform movement begun by Martin Luther who questioned the practices of the Catholic Church in 1517; split the Church and resulted in new Christian denominations, including Lutherans, Calvinists, and others
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Protestant Reformation
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Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church; they were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication from the Church
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95 Theses
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German monk who criticized the Church; believed people could have a personal relationship with God; wrote the 95 Theses and triggered the Protestant Reformation
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Martin Luther
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The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope, ended the sale of indulgences and simony; created Jesuits and the Inquisition / Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church; overall, decision made to keep doctrine but end practices such as selling indulgences; renewed emphasis of spreading Catholic Christianity through the New World through the Jesuits
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Counter or Catholic Reformation
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Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism; were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain Catholic converts
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Jesuits
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A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for the repentance of sins; the selling of these pardons helped trigger the Protestant Reformation
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Indulgence
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The buying and selling of church offices
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Simony
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