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A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic; used for long voyages at great speed from 15th to 17th centuries; used for exploration, not trade
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Caravel
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A large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) in the 14th to the 17th century
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Carrack
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Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade; designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency; used from 16th to 17th centuries
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Fluyt
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(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa; sponsored seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east; imported enslaved Africans via the sea
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Henry the Navigator
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Portuguese explorer; in 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route
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Vasco de Gama
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Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples; practiced by Europeans in the Indian Ocean as they took over trade from Arab and Muslim merchants
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Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
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Christopher Columbus
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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
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Columbian Exchange
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An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; colonies were crucial in the accumulation of wealth
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Mercantilism
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Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; the best example would be smallpox
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The Great Dying
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Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person; the form of slavery utilized in the Americas during the trans-Atlantic slave trade
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Chattel slavery
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Economic system in Inca society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; later exploited by the Spanish as they forced Incas to mine silver
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Mit'a system
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A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination; before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1900 most indentured laborers were Asians
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Indentured servitude
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A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
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Encomienda
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Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations; they often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land; this continued even into the 20th century
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Hacienda
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A company made up of a group of shareholders; each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts; used by European rulers to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade
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Joint-stock companies
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Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to Indian Ocean colonies
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Royal chartered monopoly companies
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Also known as voodoo, it's a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Roman Catholic Christianity; evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas
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Vodun
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Originating in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Christian beliefs
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Santeria
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Paintings that show the racial mixing of a family; shows the hierarchy of society
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Casta Paintings
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Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, and economic status
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Creoles
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Spanish-born settlers who came to Latin America; ruled as the highest social class in the Spanish New World
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Peninsulares
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A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
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Fronde
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A slave rebellion led by Nat Turner that took place in Virginia in 1831; one example of slave resistance challenging existing authorities in the Americas
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Nat Turner's Rebellion
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A British joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism; this company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years
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British East India Company
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Government, Dutch-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies
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Dutch East India Company
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A three-way system of trade during 1600-1800s whereby Africa sent slaves to the Americas, the Americas sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa in exchange for slaves
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Triangular trade
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