Hint
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Answer
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learning by association
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classical conditioning
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something that produces a reaction
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stimulus
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causes a response that is automatic, not learned
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unconditional stimulus
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automatic response
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unconditional response
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no association with the unconditioned response. Paired with UCS
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neutral stimulus
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learned reponse to stimulus that was previously neutral
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condtional response
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learned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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studied relationship between nervous system and digestion. experimented with dogs
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ivan pavlov
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people learn primarily through these two things:
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experiencing events and observing the relationships between the events
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relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience
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learning
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quick relearning of a conditional response after extinction
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reconditioning
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after a conditional response is acquired, similar stimuli elicit a response, but to a lesser degree
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stimulus generalization
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learn to differentiate among similar stimuli
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stimulus discrimination
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exposed to harmless stimulus until fear response is extinguished
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flooding
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exposed gradually to stimulus but remain calm
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systematic desensitization
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belived that fears could be relieved
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joseph wolpe
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stimuli that increase the likelihood that behavior that follows will be repeated
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reinforcers
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"law of effect" studied with cats
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edward thorndike
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responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, those with unpleasant effects are less likely to recur
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reinforcement and punishment
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studied rats and pigeons and operan conditioning
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bf skinner
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free will is an illusion, human behavior is determined by environmental and genetic influences(controversial)
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radical behaviorism
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process of learning in which consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated
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operant conditioning
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type of reinforcer, stimulus that the value does not need to be taught
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primary
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type of reinforcer, must be learned, not materialistic
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secondary
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increase the frequency of behavior, adding
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positive
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increase the frequnecy of behavior, taking away, behavior is reinforced because something unwanted stops
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negative
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name the four drawbacks of punishment
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may suppress undesirable behavior, does not teach new behavior, can have undesirable consequences, may become abusive, and may represent a form of inappropriate modeling
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tendency to give up because of environment, learn to accept certain consequences
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learned helplessness
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mentally wokring a problem, restructure the problem in your mind until you see its parts come together to form a solution, sudden understanding of how to solve problems
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insight
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learning that remains hidden until it is needed or reinforced
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latent learning
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give and example of latent learning
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cognitive map
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put rats in a maze and trained them to run through for food
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edward c tolman
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used insight to train a chimp and what is the chimps name
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wolfgang kohler and sultan
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influenced by seeing or hearing about consequences of others behavior
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vicarious conditioning
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kids in a classroom, social learning, vicarious learning, modeling
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albert bandura
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acquire knowledge and skills by observing an imitating others, much of human learning, especially children
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observational learning
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give an example of observational learning
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bobo dolls experiment
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how to apple operant conditioning
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behavior modification and token economy
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