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forensic toxicology - analytical techniques - ICP-MS

1. What are the two components that make ICP-MS a hyphenated technique? 2. Explain how the ICP ionization source allows elements to be analysed. 3. How are samples typically prepared for ICP-MS analysis?
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Last updated: August 6, 2023
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what is ICP-MS?
what is it used for primarily?
what is it also used for?
inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry
metal analysis for toxicology
environmental and industrial monitoring
what is ICP-AAS?
why is it used instead of ICP-MS?
what is its major downside?
inductively-coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry
because it is a much cheaper technique
it can only analyse a single element at a time
what are the two components that make ICP-MS a hyphenated technique?
what is the range of its ability to profile elements? (element names or molecular weights)
an ionisation source (inductively-coupled plasma)
lithium (MW: 7) to uranium (MW: 250)
a detector (mass spectrometer)
how are samples typically prepared for ICP-MS analysis?
how do we prepare solids for ICP-MS analysis?
what additional preparation do complex solid samples need for ICP-MS analysis?
in a liquid state or solids that are fully dissolved
dissolve them using an acid, most commonly nitric acid (HNO3)
a period of digestion in acid (often at high temperature)
microwave
why is the plasma ICP-MS uses for analysis called inductively-coupled plasma?
what does this produce, and what does that then allow?
because it is ionised by inductive heating of a gas with an electromagnetic coil
it produces ions & electrons, and allows the gas to conduct electricity
what gas is used to generate ICP?
how does it generate ICP?
high-purity argon gas
more and more energy is added to the system by increasing the temperature
which causes
collisions between argon atoms and electrons
which causes
some of the argon atoms to lose electrons
until
eventually equilibrium is reached and stable plasma is achieved
how do we want to introduce the samples to the instrument?
how is this achieved?
how does this instrument work?
in as little liquid as possible
using an instrument called a nebuliser
it converts a liquid to an aerosol (a fine mist) using a nebulising gas which can then be drawn into the plasma
once the sample has been introduced to the instrument, what happens to the sample?
once this is complete, what can happen now?
the molecules are broken down to their constituent atoms by extreme heat
the atoms can be analysed using the mass spectrometer
the plasma is electrically charged, ionising the atoms
in simple terms, what has been done to the sample to prepare it for analysis?
what does the mass spectrometer do to this prepared sample now?
what is the most common mass spectrometer for ICP-MS?
liquid has been removed
focusses the atoms through an ion beam
quadrupole mass analyser
the molecules have been broken down into atoms
separates the atoms by size & allows them to be detected
the atoms have been ionised
what are the limitations for ICP-MS?
why does ICP-MS have these limitations?
atoms with a mass of 40 cannot be measured
because it uses argon, which also has a mass of 40
it is very difficult to measure iron
because argon will combine with oxygen to form ArO, which has a mass of 56, the same as the mass of iron
how does ICP-MS present its data?
already in the form of a concentration
both raw and corrected data
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