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Hint
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Answer
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things to consider when evaluating electoral systems
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proportionality and vote value
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stable government
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constituency link
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extension of voter choice
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promoting participation
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comprehensibility and transparency
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worst for proportionality
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FPTP
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eg 2019 conservatives
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won 77 more seats than proportion of the vote
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best for proportionality
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List PR
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eg 2019 european elections brexit party
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39% of the vote and 40% of the seats
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why is STV best for vote value
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minor parties can affect final outcome
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FPTP is good for strong government however it did produce in recent years,
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coalition 2010 and minority government 2017
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worst for strong governemnt
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PR tends to produce multi party government
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best for constituency link
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FPTP
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which system also does have constituency links, but just over larger areas
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STV
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constituency link is undermined anyway by what?
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party whips
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why is FPTP best for transparency and comprehensibility ?
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clear simple straightforward efficient
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worst for transparency and comprehensibility as complicated multiple rounds
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List PR/STV
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2007 Scottish Parliament Elections- new electoral systems produce unnecessary complications
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3.5% of ballots filled in incorrectly
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but its the governments responsibility to?
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educate the electorate
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2015 pressure group created campaigning against FPTP
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make votes matter
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number of elected representatives is calculated by the number of votes actually received
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proportional representation
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candidates with the highest number of votes in each constituency is elected
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majoritarian system/ winner takes all
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what does PR make much more likely?
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coalition government
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electoral systems used in the UK - FPTP
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general elections
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party list system
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european elections
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AMS
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scottish parliament/ welsh parliament
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STV
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Northern Irish Assembly
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AV
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select committee chair elections
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2019 Lib Dems won how many seats under FPTP?
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11
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but could have won how many if AMS had been used?
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79
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2019 SNP won how many seats under FPTP?
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48
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but could have won how many under AMS?
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26
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this is an example of?
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winners bonus
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which other parties are also routinely overrepresented?
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labour and conservative
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eg 2005 labour
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35% of the vote and 55% of the seats
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no government in recent years has formed with over 50% of the?
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popular vote
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2019 green party won how many votes compared to seats?
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865,000 votes 1 seat
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but could have won how many seats with AMS?
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38
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how many votes were wasted in 2019
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22 million
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an instance where a right wing candidate is elected because of a split liberal vote
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progressive tragedy constituencies
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so voters may resort to?
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tactical voting
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1997 amount of conservative seats lost due to tactical voting
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50
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the need for tactical voting proves FPTP is?
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undemocratic
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open list systems allows for (eg for centrists who dont like their more left wing labour candidate)
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a choice of candidates from the same party
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1983 labour won 2.2% more votes than lib dem, but how many more seats?
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186
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97-10 lib dems were getting what percent of the vote?
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23%
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2019 what percentage of vote did not affect the final representation in parliament?
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71%
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this does not meet what concept?
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one person one vote one value
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where in Europe is FPTP used?
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only the UK
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VOTING BEHAVIOUR
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why people vote the way they do
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key changes in voting behaviour
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class dealignment
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partisan dealignment
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more swing votes
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rise of identity politics
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why may people choose to vote for a particular party
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leadership
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manifesto pledges
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media influence
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demographic factors
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rational choice
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competency
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modern labour and conservative parties are?
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reasonably ideologically similar
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so the median voter may focus on?
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salient issues that vary by election
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2010 salient issue
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economy
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2015 salient issue
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immigration
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2017 salient issue
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brexit
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valence issue
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an issue that is unanimous
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eg
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economy/healthcare
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why were Labour 'unelectable' from 2010-20
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corbyn considered unreliable on the economy
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shows that people consider not only the competency of the whole party, but also the?
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reliability of the leadership
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salient issues vary over time, as does consideration given to them by the main parties, so gives third parties the opportunity to focus on a specific issue, eg
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UKIP on immigration
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eg
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green party on the environment
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partisan dealignment may lead to an increase of
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floating voters
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2010, what percentage of votes went to parties other than labour/tory
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35%
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peter pulzer
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"in british politics, class is everything, all else is embellishment and detail"
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how did people vote post war
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working class voted labour middle class voted tory
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what happened from then?
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class dealignment
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john prescot
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"were all middle class now"
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1974 - what percentage of the middle class voted tory?
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56%
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compared to 2010?
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39%
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what also dictated social class in the 70s?
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occupation
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in the 70s what percentage of unskilled workers voted labour?
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60%
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compared to what in 2010?
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40%
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traditional working class industries heavily impacted by?
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thatcher
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diminishing traditional working class is because of the?
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embourgeoisement of society
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reasons
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higher access to education
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.
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increased affluence
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.
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changes in labour market
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.
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fewer trade unions
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.
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privatisation
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this is why the middle class is now the main target for both main parties- and traditional working class have become?
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left behind voters
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eg labour has done what
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distanced themselves from the trade unions
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geographical demographics- what happened in 2019?
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collapse of the red wall
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showing the subsequent collapse of what?
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core voter bases
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in 2019, the middle classes tended to gravitate towards?
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labour
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class used to be the best predictor of voting trends- what is it now?
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age
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young people have the lowest turnout- what was it in 2019?
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47%
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why?
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more likely to be dealigned
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who tends to vote for labour?
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young people
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.
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women
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.
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ethnic minorities
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what did YouGov estimate about older people voting Tory?
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2019 the chance of a person voting Tory increases 9 percentage points every 10 years of age
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perhaps this indicates that voting behaviour for older generations is more?
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entrenched
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s. popkin - people take
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information shortcuts
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so look to other sources as people dont trust politicians such as,
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opinion leaders
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.
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social media
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.
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celebrities
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also a significant predictor of voter behaviour is?
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education
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labor voters tend to be?
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university educated
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qualities of top political leaders
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communication (conveying what you stand for)
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.
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experience
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.
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policy (building policy that is linked to party values but appeals broadly)
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.
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opportunity
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.
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adaptable in crisis
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.
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resilient
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example of good, clear communicators
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thatcher (strident and aggressive)
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.
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Blair (good public speaker)
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examples of bad communicators
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Brown (bad infront of cameras)
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May (parroted strong and stable but no clear policy communication)
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examples of ministerial experience
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Johnson was london mayor and foreign sec.
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Major was foreign sec. and chancellor
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example of no experience
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corbyn was just a backbencher
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