diabetes drugs

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Last updated: May 27, 2023

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First submitted	May 27, 2023
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what is the biochemical function of glucagon?		what is the biochemical function of insulin?
to trigger the release of glucose into the blood from the liver via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis		to trigger the absorption of glucose from the blood into the liver, skeletal muscle and fat tissue
what is Type 1 diabetes?	what are the biochemical features of Type 1 diabetes?	what is Type 2 diabetes?	what are the biochemical features of Type 2 diabetes?
insulin-dependent (absolute deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune condition)	hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis	non-insulin-dependent (decreased ability of tissues to respond to normal levels of insulin)	hyperglycaemia
	hypertriacylglycerolaemia		dyslipidaemia
what are the treatment options for diabetes?	what are examples of each?	what are their mechanisms of action?
insulin and insulin analogues	insulin	triggers the absorption of glucose from the blood into the liver, skeletal muscle and fat tissue
oral hypoglycemic drugs	insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas & meglitinides)	promote insulin release from the b-cells of the pancreas by: - binding to and close ATP-sensitive K+ channels on b-cells - depolarising the cells and opens Ca2+ channels - triggering fusion of insulin granules with cell membrane
	insulin sensitisers (biguanides & thiazolidinediones)	improve the response of target cells to insulin by either: - decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis & reducing intestinal absorption of sugars (biguanides) or: - activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (thiazolidinediones)
a-glucosidase inhibitors	acarbose, miglitol, voglibose	competitively inhibit the action of the enzyme a-glucosidase, that breaks carbohydrates into monosaccharides
gastrointestinal hormones	glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY)	-