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That democratic socialist and Labour politician who suggested withdrawing from the 'capitalist' European Economic Community, abolishing the House of Lords, increasing socialist power in the Commons, strengthening of trade unions, and greater power for party members to make the party more ideological and less vulnerable to non-socialist influence
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Tony Benn
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That period during which nationalism arose due to it offering a way of uniting people in political communities and under governments without the institution of monarchy
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Enlightenment
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A German revolutionary socialist who believed global revolution would come spontaneously from the masses leading to a democracy underpinned by collectivist principles rather than a dictatorship of the proletariat
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Rosa Luxemburg (1871 - 1919)
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A form of fundamental socialism defined by its rejection of a need for a certain amount of capitalist development, and its belief in democratic centralism
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Marxism-Leninism or Orthodox Communism
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A controversial way of categorising people based on physical or genetic characteristics
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Race
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Classical socialist thinkers who believed capitalism had corrupted human nature and caused class conflict with the help of a self-interested state, thereby requiring a revolution by a new dictatorship of the proletariat, in alphabetical order
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Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895) and Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)
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A form of expansionist nationalism predicated on a drive to seize foreign territory based on notions of racial superiority, such as Nazi Germany
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Racial Conquest
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Nationalism within areas formerly under foreign control seeking to unite indistinct peoples into one national identity, often via leadership cults, socialist nationalism, or religion, often Islam
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Post-Colonial Nationalism
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A German conservative nationalist who promoted culture and above all language as the unifier of people into a 'volk', of which each has its own values, opposed to a universal standard as in liberalism
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Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744 - 1803)
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That which believes that a ruling class has always exploited the ruled, requiring the proletariat to overthrow and abolish class itself
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Marxism
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The classical Marxist view of a transitional phase between revolution and communism
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Dictatorship of the Proletariat
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The classical Marxist view of history as a series of stages defined by clashes of economic ideas as to the production and distribution of resources
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Historical Materialism
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A Swiss-French liberal nationalist who developed the idea of the nation (based around general will) as a unifier of free peoples, opposed to authoritative monarchs
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Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)
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A form of radical nationalism in which the interests of the individual are entirely subservient to those of the nation-state, often as embodied in its leader
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Fascism
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A French ultra-conservative nationalist and nativist who opposed liberal ideology, supporting monarchy, Catholicism, and above all the nation as integral to forming a powerful collective identity
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Charles Maurras (1868 - 1952)
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Those socialists such as Robert Owen who emphasised cooperation and communal ownership, considered naive by Marx
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Utopian Socialists
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A social democratic idea of equality that all are entitled to an equal minimum standard of living, guaranteed through state welfare provision
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Equality of Welfare
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A form of expansionist nationalism and extreme patriotism which sees one nation's characteristics as superior to all others, such as de Gaulle's France
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Chauvinism
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That, the five principles of which are; collectivism, common humanity, equality, social class, and workers' control
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Socialism
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An early democratic socialist who saw capitalism as corrupting, requiring state intervention and trade unionism to overcome it, though via constitutional and reformist means
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Beatrice Webb (1858 - 1943)
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