Hint
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Answer
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beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists
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bisoprolol, atenolol
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beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists MoA
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antagonist binds to beta-1 adrenergic receptor on cardiomyocytes reducing inotropy and chronotropy
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ACE inhibitors
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ramipril, lisinopril
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ACE inhibitors MoA
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antagonist inhibits conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, lowering angiotensin 2 levels and reducing cardiac afterload and vasoconstriction
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ARBs
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losartan, valsartan
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ARBs MoA
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antagonist inhibits angiotensin 2 receptor reducing cardiac afterload and vasoconstriction
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HMG-CoA reductase blockers
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atorvastatin, simvastatin
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HMG-CoA reductase blockers MoA
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inhibits mevalonate metabolism in cholesterol synthesis pathway and enhances low-density lipoprotein uptake which lowers plasma cholesterol
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Calcium channel antagonists
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nifedipine, amlodipine
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Calcium channel antagonists MoA
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blockades L-type calcium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells which promotes vasodilation
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Nitrate vasodilators
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glycerol trinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate
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Nitrate vasodilators MoA
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releases nitric oxide which promotes dilation of smooth muscle in coronary arteries and veins
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Neprilysin inhibitors
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sacubitril
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Neprilysin inhibitors MoA
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inhibits neprilysin enzyme which increases natriuretic peptide hormone levels. promotes natriuresis, reduces cardiac preload, improves renal function, decreases fluid retention and increases vasodilation
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Antiplatelet drugs
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aspirin, clopidogrel
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Antiplatelet drugs MoA
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antagonists that reduce platelet activation preventing thrombosis. aspirin binds to COX enzyme and inhibits thromboxane A2 production, clopidogrel binds to and inhibits ADP receptors
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Anticoagulants
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unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin
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Anticoagulants MoA
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enhances action of antithrombin 3 to inhibit thrombin and factor Xa, reduces coagulation cascade activity
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NSAIDs
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ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac
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NSAIDs MoA
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antagonist, inhibit COX activity, block production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, reduced na channel opening, reduced depolarisation
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Weak analgesics
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paracetamol
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Weak analgesics MoA
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antagonist, inhibits COX activity in CNS not PNS, acts on heat-regulating centres in brain with antipyretic use
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Weak opioids
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codeine, dihydrocodeine
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Strong opioids
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morphine, diamorphine
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Synthetic opioid
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tramadol
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Mixed agonist-antagonist opioid
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buprenorphine
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Opioid receptor antagonist
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naloxone
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Opioid MoA
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agonist, binds to mu-opioid receptors and activates G0 G-protein which switches off cAMP production, inhibits opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels causing reduced Ca2+ influx into the neuron, opens K+ channels in neuron which stimulates K+ outflow from neuron, this promotes hyperpolarisation of neurons reducing their activity
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MAOI-b inhibitors
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selegiline
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MAOI-b inhibitors MoA
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antagonist, selectively inhibits the MAO enzyme to sustain neuronal dopamine levels
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COMT inhibitors
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entacapone
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COMT inhibitors MoA
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antagonist, inhibits COMT enzymes which themselves inactivate peripheral levodopa, this increases bioavailability of CNS levodopa which increases bioavailability of dopamine
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Dopaminergic drugs
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levodopa
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Dopaminergic drugs MoA
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levodopa is a metabolic precursor to dopamine, it is naturally converted into dopamine within neurons to enable dopaminergic neurotransmission
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Dopamine receptor agonists
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pramipexole, ropinirole
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Dopamine receptor agonists MoA
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agonist, interacts directly with dopamine receptors in the post-synaptic neuron
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Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors
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carbidopa
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Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors MoA
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inhibits DDC enzyme activity within periphery increasing levodopa levels within periphery which increases bioavailability of levodopa in CNS
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Glucocorticosteroid for CNS inflammation
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dexamethasone
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Glucocorticosteroid for CNS inflammation MoA
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corticosteroid enters cell, binds and forms a complex with glucocorticoid receptor, then acts as a transcription factor enhancing expression of anti-inflammatory products and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators
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Anticholinesterases
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donepezil, galantamine
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Anticholinesterases MoA
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antagonist, inhibits acetylcholinesterase
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SSRIs MoA
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antagonist, inhibits serotonin 5HT reuptake transporters which increases availability of 5HT in synaptic cleft
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SSRIs
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sertraline, citalopram
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SNRIs
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venlafaxine
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SNRIs MoA
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antagonist, inhibits serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake transporters which increases availability of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
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MAOIs
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moclobemide
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MAOIs MoA
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antagonist, inhibits activity of monoamine A oxidase enzyme which breaks down neurotransmitters, therefore MAOIs increase availability of selective neurotransmitters in the CNS. inhibition is reversible.
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Anti-epileptics
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valproate, carbamazepine, diazepam
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Anti-epileptics MoA
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antagonist, inhibits of voltage gated Na channels 2. increases GABA availability
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Benzodiazepines
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diazepam
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Benzodiazepines MoA
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agonist, binds to specific sites on GABA-A receptors causing opening of Cl- channels enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA, which then inhibits neurotransmitter activity
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Bisphosphonates
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alendronate, pamidronate
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Bisphosphonate MoA
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antagonist, binds to hydroxyapatite, inhibits osteoclast activity reducing bone breakdown
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Selective oestrogen receptor modulator
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raloxifene
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Selective oestrogen receptor modulator MoA
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agonist, activates oestrogen receptor which stimulates osteoblast production and inhibits osteoclast activity maintaining bone density
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Bone biologic
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denosumab
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Bone biologic MoA
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antagonist inhibits osteoclast activity
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Bone hormones
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parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
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Bone hormones MoA
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modulation of calcium metabolism and bone resorption
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Bone vitamins
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vitamin D, calcitriol, IV calcium gluconate
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Bone vitamins MoA
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restores calcium/vitamin D levels
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Anti-proliferative agents
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methotrexate, azathioprine
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Anti-proliferative agents MoA
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inhibits enzymatic activity which reduces lymphocyte proliferation
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Immunosuppressive agents
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sulphasalazine, penicillamine
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Disease-modifying biologics
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infliximab, rituximab
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Disease-modifying biologics MoA
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infliximab - antagonist that binds to and inhibits TNF-alpha. rituximab - binds to CD20 and depletes B cells
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Anticholinesterase for myasthenia gravis
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pyridostigmine
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Anticholinesterase for myasthenia gravis MoA
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antagonist, inhibits acetylcholinesterase
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Antibiotics: Beta-lactams: penicillins
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flucloxacillin, benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin
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Antibiotics: Beta lactams: carbapenems
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meropenem
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Antibiotics: Cephalosporins
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ceftriaxone
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Antibiotics: Lincosamides
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clindamycin
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Antibiotics: Macrolides
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erythromycin
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Antibiotics: Tetracyclines
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tetracycline, doxycycline
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Antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones
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ciprofloxacin
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Antibiotics: Anti-folate antibiotics
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trimethoprim
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Antibiotics: Beta-lactams: penicillins MoA
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bacteriocidal, binds to penicillin binding proteins disrupting cell wall synthesis causing cell lysis
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Antibiotics: Beta lactams: carbapenems MoA
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bacteriocidal, binds to penicillin binding proteins disrupting cell wall synthesis causing cell lysis
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Antibiotics: Cephalosporins MoA
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bacteriocidal, binds to penicillin binding proteins disrupting cell wall synthesis causing cell lysis
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Antibiotics: Lincosamides MoA
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bacteriostatic, binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis causing reduced growth
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Antibiotics: Macrolides MoA
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bacteriostatic, binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis causing reduced growth
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Antibiotics: Tetracyclines MoA
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bacteriostatic, binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis causing reduced growth
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Antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones MoA
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bacteriostatic, inhibits DNA coiling causing reduced bacterial growth
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Antibiotics: Anti-folate antibiotics MoA
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bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis which inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis reducing growth
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Glucocorticosteroid for airway inflammation
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beclometasone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone
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Glucocorticosteroid for airway inflammation MoA
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corticosteroid enters cell, binds and forms a complex with glucocorticoid receptor, then acts as a transcription factor enhancing expression of anti-inflammatory products and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators
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Antimuscarinics
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ipratropium, tiotropium, glycopyrronium
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Antimuscarinics MoA
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antagonist binds to m2-muscarinic receptors, inhibits cholinergic activity of smooth muscle of airway leading to muscle relaxation
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Beta-2 adrenergic agonists
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salbutamol (short), salmeterol (long)
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Beta-2 adrenergic agonists MoA
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agonist, binds directly to beta-2 receptors activating adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP which activates protein kinase A which acts on the myosin light chain driving Ca2+ from smooth muscle cells leading to dilation and airway muscle relaxation
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Methylxanthines
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theophylline, aminophylline
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Methylxanthines MoA
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antagonist, inhibits phosphodiesterase-4 which increases cAMP levels in cells which activates protein kinase A which acts on myosin light chain driving Ca2+ from smooth muscle cells leading to dilation and airway muscle relaxation
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Leukotriene receptor antagonists
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montelukast, zafirlukast
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Leukotriene receptor antagonists MoA
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antagonist binds to and inhibits CysLT1 receptors of eosinophils preventing binding of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes
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Antacids
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aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
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Antacids MoA
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gastric acid neutralisation
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Alginates
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sodium alginate with sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate
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Alginates MoA
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gastric acid neutralisation and formation of a viscous layer when in contact with water which sits on the surface of gastric contents and reduces reflux
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Histamine antagonist
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famotidine
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Histamine antagonist MoA
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antagonist inhibits h2-receptors
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Proton pump inhibitors
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omeprazole, lansoprazole
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Proton pump inhibitors MoA
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antagonist irreversibly binds to and inhibits H+/K+/ATPase enzyme in gastric parietal cells
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Osmotic laxatives
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macrogol, lactulose
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Osmotic laxatives MoA
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increases fluid uptake within GI lumen softening and increasing stool bulk which drives colonic distention and motility
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Bulk laxatives
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methylcellulose, ispaghula husk
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Bulk laxatives MoA
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increases water retention within intestinal lumen softening and increasing stool bulk which drives colonic distention and motility
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Faecal softeners
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docusate, arachis oil
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Faecal softeners MoA
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increases fat and water uptake into stool softening and increasing stool bulk which stimulates purgation and transit
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Stimulant purgatives
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bisacodyl, senna
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Stimulant purgatives MoA
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stimulates intestinal motility and purgation
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Opioid anti-motility agents
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codeine, loperamide
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Opioid anti motility agents MoA
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agonist binds to mu-opioid receptor in myenteric plexus reducing intestinal motility
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Thyroid medications
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levothyroxine, liothyronine
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Thyroid medications MoA
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activation of thyroid hormone receptors
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Loop diuretics
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furosemide
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Loop diuretics MoA
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antagonist inhibits Na+/K+/2A-� transporters in loop of henle
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Thiazides
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bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, chlortalidone
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Thiazides MoA
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antagonist inhibits Na+/Ck- transporter in early distal tubule
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Potassium sparing diuretics
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spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride
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Potassium sparing diuretics MoA
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antagonist inhibits mineralocorticoid receptors/sodium transport via ENaC channels
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Alpha-1a adrenergic receptors (retention)
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tamsulosin
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Alpha-1a adrenergic receptors MoA
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antagonist binds to and inhibits alpha-a1 adrenergic receptors which act on smooth muscle in the bladder and promotes urine passage
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Antimuscarinic class (incontinence)
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oxybutynin
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Antimuscarinic class MoA
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antagonist inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors which relax bladder detrusor muscle
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Combined oral contraceptives
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desogestrel with ethinylestradiol
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Combined oral contraceptives MoA
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suppresses ovulation and reduces LH and FSH secretion
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Progesterone only contraceptives
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desogestrel, levonorgestrel
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Progesterone only contraceptives MoA
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suppresses ovulation and reduces LH and FSH secretion and alters endometrium
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Emergency contraceptives
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levonorgestrel, ulipristal
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Emergency contraceptives MoA
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suppresses ovulation and reduces LH and FSH secretion
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Device/implants contraceptives
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etonogestrel, levonorgestrel
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Device/implants contraceptives MoA
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suppresses ovulation and alters endometrium
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HRT
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estradiol, estradiol with noresthisterone, estradiol with medroxyprogesterone
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HRT MoA
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restores hormone levels and function
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Menopausal osteoporosis
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raloxifene
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Menopausal osteoporosis MoA
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binds to oestrogen receptors in bone preventing osteoporosis
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Labour augmentation
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oxytocin
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Labour augmentation MoA
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drives myometrial contractions
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Essential nutrient for preterm labour
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magnesium
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Essential nutrient for preterm labour MoA
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provides neuroprotection for preterm foetuses reducing risk of cerebral palsy
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Labour induction
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dinoprostone
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Labour induction MoA
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stimulates myometrial uterine contractions and cervical ripening
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Labour analgesics
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remifentanil, pethidine
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Labour analgesics MoA
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agonist binds to mu-opioid receptor suppressing pain transmission
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Essential nutrient for pregnancy (neural tube development)
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folic acid
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Essential nutrient for pregnancy (neural tube development) MoA
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foetal spinal and neural development, reduces risk of spina bifida
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Essential nutrient for pregnancy
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vitamin D
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Essential nutrient for pregnancy MoA
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foetal bone, kidney, neural and heart development
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