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Hint
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Answer
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Which type of penetration by a pathogen would spread into skin lesions / wounds, insect / animal bites
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Passive
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The ability of a microbe to cause disease
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Pathogenicity
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Vaccine containing purified antigen from pathogen
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Acellular/Subunit
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Which type of penetration involves degrading complexes between cells and attacking the extracellular matrix?
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Active
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Living organisms that transmit pathogens
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Vector
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What do some pathogens create which allows them to infect as an airbourne illness? (Examples :Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium species)
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Spores
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Increase in disease occurrence within large population over wide region (usually worldwide)
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Pandemic
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Period after pathogen entry, before signs and symptoms
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Incubation
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Vaccine response causing neutralising antibodies that inactivate extracellular pathogen
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Humoral
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Vaccine containing entire pathogen inactivated e.g. with formaldehyde
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Inactivated whole cell
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Vaccine response which kills cells that have been infected with intracellular pathogen
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Cellular
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Stimulate T-cells to release cytokines and can trigger cytokine storm – multiple organ failure
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Superantigens
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Soluble, heat-labile, proteins that are secreted into surroundings as pathogen grows
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Exotoxin
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Mixed with antigens in vaccines to enhance the rate and degree of immunization
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Adjuvants
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Disease that maintains a relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval
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Endemic
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Science that evaluates occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined human population
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Epidemiology
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When a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity to a pathogen, susceptible individuals are protected due to reduced transmission
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Herd Immunity
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Sudden increase in frequency of disease above expected number
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Epidemic
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Period with onset of signs and symptoms not clear enough for diagnosis
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Prodromal
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Heat stable components of the pathogen that exert effects in the host when the pathogen lyses or divides
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Endotoxin
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Number of pathogens that will infect 50% of an experimental group of hosts in a specified time
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Infectious dose 50/ID50
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Involves scratching scab material from someone with a mild case of smallpox and using it to inoculate scratch in the skin to intentionally cause disease
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Variolation
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When a disease is transmitted from animals to humans
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Zoonosis
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The result obtained when vaccine stimulates immunity
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Immunisation
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Vaccines containing mRNA
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RNA
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Dose that kills 50% of experimental animals within a specified period
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Lethal dose 50/LD50
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Disease spreading via an infected intermediate, as opposed to person-person transmission
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Indirect Contact
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Vaccines containing pathogens that can replicate but only weakly compared to wildtype
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Live attenuated
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Sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease, usually focal or in a limited segment of population
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Outbreak
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Physical interaction between source/reservoir and host, disease spreading person to person
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Direct Contact
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Which type of intracellular pathogens grow within or outside cells
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Facultative
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Period disease is most severe, signs and symptoms
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Illness
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A preparation of microbial antigens used to induce protective immunity
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Vaccine
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What is the only human disease to be eradicated?
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Smallpox
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Period where signs and symptoms begin to disappear
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Convalescence
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Which type of intracellular pathogens only grow when inside cells
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Obligate
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The ability of a pathogen to spread to adjacent tissues
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Invasiveness
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Disease that occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals
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Sporadic
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Diseases which gradually increase in occurrence frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level
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Hyperendemic
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Name for a disease in babies who are born with an infectious disease
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Congenital
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Who invented the first vaccine?
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Edward Jenner
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What state are you in if you are carrying a pathogen but showing no symptoms?
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Carrier state
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The degree or intensity of disease a pathogen can cause
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Virulence
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