|
Capital
|
|
State type
|
|
Existed
|
|
|
|
Adulis
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c. 13th – 5th centuries BC
|
|
Aethiopia
|
|
Aksum
|
|
Empire
|
|
100–960 AD
|
|
Aksumite Empire
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
600 BC – 8th century AD
|
|
Blemmyes
|
|
Carthage
|
|
Empire
|
|
650–146 BC
|
|
Carthaganian Empire
|
|
Yeha
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
980–400 BC
|
|
D'mt
|
|
Cyrene
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
631–525 BC
|
|
Cyrenaica
|
|
Sais, Mendes, Sebennytos
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c. 664 BC – c. 332 BC
|
|
Egypt
|
|
Garama
|
|
Tribal confederation/empire
|
|
1000 BC – 700 AD
|
|
Garamantian
|
|
Kerma; Napata; Meroe
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1070 BC – 350 AD
|
|
Kush
|
|
Pella
|
|
Empire
|
|
334–323 BC
|
|
Macedonian Empire
|
|
Julia Caesara
|
|
Kingdom/client kingdom
|
|
285 BC – 698 AD
|
|
Mauretania
|
|
Cirta
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
202–46 BC
|
|
Numidia
|
|
Ecbatana, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa
|
|
Empire
|
|
549–330 BC
|
|
Persian Empire
|
|
Alexandria
|
|
Kingdom/empire
|
|
305–30 BC
|
|
Ptolemaic
|
|
Rome, Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
27 BC-1453 AD
|
|
Roman Empire
|
|
Rome
|
|
Republic
|
|
509–27 BC
|
|
Roman Republic
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
435–534 AD
|
|
Vandal Kingdom
|
|
Various
|
|
Confederation of city states
|
|
280–140 BC
|
|
Achaean League
|
|
Various
|
|
Confederation of city states
|
|
290–189 BC
|
|
Aetolian League
|
|
|
|
Empire
|
|
306–168 BC
|
|
Antigonid Empire
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
980–743 BC
|
|
Arcadia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
7th–1st century BC
|
|
Acarnania
|
|
Argos
|
|
Kingdom/republic
|
|
1200–226 BC
|
|
Argolis
|
|
|
|
Republican city state/client
|
|
1068–146 BC
|
|
Athens
|
|
Carthage
|
|
Empire
|
|
650–146 BC
|
|
Carthaginian Empire
|
|
Tylis, Thrace
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
279 - 212 BC
|
|
Celtic kingdom of Tylis[1]
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
600 - 19 BC
|
|
Celtici
|
|
Corinth
|
|
City state
|
|
700-338 BC
|
|
Corinthia
|
|
Sarmizegetusa, Regia
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
168 BC – 106 AD
|
|
Dacia
|
|
Ulpiana?
|
|
Tribal Kingdom
|
|
4th century – 168 BC
|
|
Dardania
|
|
Various
|
|
League of city states
|
|
478–404 BC
|
|
Delian League
|
|
Veii
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
768–264 BC
|
|
Etruria
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000–168 BC
|
|
Illyria
|
|
Various
|
|
Federated states
|
|
338–337 BC
|
|
League of Corinth
|
|
Amphissa, Naupactus
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1250–386 BC
|
|
Locria
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1000–356 BC[2]
|
|
Lucania
|
|
Pella
|
|
Kingdom/Empire
|
|
808–168 BC/334–323 BC
|
|
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)/Macedonian Empire
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom city states
|
|
740–89 BC
|
|
Magna Graecia
|
|
Seuthopolis
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
460 BC- 46 AD
|
|
Odrysian Thracian kingdom
|
|
|
|
Principality/kingdom/client
|
|
535 BC – 681 AD
|
|
Paeonia
|
|
Various
|
|
Federated city states
|
|
9th century – 5th century BC
|
|
Padanian Etruria
|
|
Ecbatana, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa
|
|
Empire
|
|
549–330 BC
|
|
Persian Empire
|
|
Delphi
|
|
Amphictyony[3]
|
|
690–222 BC
|
|
Phocis
|
|
Rome
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
753–509 BC
|
|
Kingdom of Rome
|
|
Rome, Milan, Ravenna, Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
27 BC-1453 AD
|
|
Roman Empire
|
|
Rome
|
|
Republic
|
|
509–27 BC
|
|
Roman Republic
|
|
Bovianum
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
c. 760 – 494 BC
|
|
Sabinum
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
c. 600 – 82 BC
|
|
Samnium
|
|
Sparta
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
950–146 BC
|
|
Sparta
|
|
Larissa
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
950–344 BC
|
|
Thessaly
|
|
Tartessus
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1000–450 BC
|
|
Tartessos
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
9th century – 3rd century BC
|
|
Umbria
|
|
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
700 BC – 300 BC
|
|
Aria
|
|
Kabalak, Partav
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
65 BC – 628 AD
|
|
Albania
|
|
Bactra
|
|
Tribal kingdom/client
|
|
2140–550 BC
|
|
Bactria
|
|
Balkh
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
12th–7th centuries BC
|
|
Balhara
|
|
Panticapaeum
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
480 BC – 370 AD
|
|
Cimmerian Bosporus
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
1290–180 BC
|
|
Chorasmia
|
|
Phasis
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1300 BC – 2nd century AD
|
|
Colchis
|
|
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
329 BC – 280 AD
|
|
Dayuan
|
|
Khokand
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
220 BC – 590 AD
|
|
Fergana
|
|
Bactra, Alexandria on the Oxus
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
256–125 BC
|
|
Greco-Bactria
|
|
Armazi, Mtskheta, Tbilisi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
302 BC – 508 AD
|
|
Iberia
|
|
|
|
Tribal federation
|
|
280 BC – 585 AD
|
|
Kangju
|
|
Kashgar
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
80–850 AD
|
|
Kashgar
|
|
Kucha
|
|
Buddhist kingdom
|
|
46–658 AD
|
|
Kucha
|
|
Bagram, Peshawar, Taxila, Mathura
|
|
Empire
|
|
30–375 AD
|
|
Kushan Empire
|
|
Kath, Gurganj
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
180 BC – 98 AD
|
|
Khwarezm
|
|
Phasis
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
1st century BC – 7th century AD
|
|
Lazica
|
|
Pella
|
|
Empire
|
|
334–323 BC
|
|
Macedonian Empire
|
|
Pataliputra
|
|
Empire
|
|
322–185 BC
|
|
Maurya Empire
|
|
Ctesiphon
|
|
Empire
|
|
247 BC – 224 AD
|
|
Parthian Empire
|
|
Ecbatana, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa
|
|
Empire
|
|
549–330 BC
|
|
Persian Empire
|
|
Neopolis
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
690BC-250 BC
|
|
Scythia
|
|
Seleucia, Antioch
|
|
Empire
|
|
312–63 BC
|
|
Seleucid Empire
|
|
Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Kesh
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
750–550 BC
|
|
Sogdiana
|
|
Cổ Loa
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
257–207 BC
|
|
Âu Lạc
|
|
Yíchéng
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
13th century – 311 BC
|
|
Ba
|
|
Wirye, Ungjin, Sabi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
18 BC – 660 AD
|
|
Baekje
|
|
Buyeoseong
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
189 BC – 494 AD
|
|
Buyeo
|
|
Shàngcài, Xīncài, Xiàcài
|
|
Client-Marquisate
|
|
980–447 BC
|
|
Cai
|
|
Táoqiū
|
|
Client-Dukedom
|
|
1053–487 BC
|
|
Cao
|
|
Indrapura, Vijaya, Panduranga
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
192–1832 AD
|
|
Champa
|
|
Wǎnqiū
|
|
Client-Dukedom
|
|
1046–479 BC
|
|
Chen
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
100 BC – 7th century AD
|
|
Chi Tu
|
|
Lüeyang
|
|
Principality
|
|
184–511 AD
|
|
Chouchi
|
|
Danyang, JiangYing, JiYing, Shouchun,
|
|
Client-viscountcy/kingdom
|
|
1030–223 BC
|
|
Chu
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
300–109 BC
|
|
Dian
|
|
|
|
Nomadic tribal confederation
|
|
1400–150 BC
|
|
Donghu
|
|
Vyadhapura,Óc Eo
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
60–550 AD
|
|
Funan
|
|
Gangga Negara
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
2nd–11th centuries AD
|
|
Gangga Negara
|
|
Gaya
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
42–562 AD
|
|
Gaya
|
|
Jolbon, Gungnae, Pyongyang.
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
37 BC – 668 AD
|
|
Goguryeo
|
|
Asadal, Wanggeom-seong
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
2333–108 BC
|
|
Gojoseon
|
|
Chang'an, Luoyang, Xuchang
|
|
Empire
|
|
206 BC-220 AD
|
|
Han Empire
|
|
|
|
|
|
300–538
|
|
Kofun period (Japan)
|
|
|
|
Tribal federation
|
|
550–108 BC
|
|
Jin
|
|
Tang, Quwo, Jiang, Xintian
|
|
Client-marquisate/dukedom
|
|
1042–376 BC
|
|
Jin
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1st century – 37 BC
|
|
Jolbon
|
|
Kedah, Pattani
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
100–1516 AD
|
|
Langkasuka
|
|
Bagram, Peshawar, Taxila, Mathura
|
|
Empire
|
|
30–375 AD
|
|
Kushan Empire
|
|
Cheonan
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
98 BC – 250 AD
|
|
Mahan
|
|
Pataliputra
|
|
Empire
|
|
322–185 BC
|
|
Maurya Empire
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1st century – 3rd century AD
|
|
Na
|
|
Panyu
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
204–111 BC
|
|
Nanyue
|
|
Xuecheng
|
|
Earldom/client
|
|
1046–418 BC
|
|
Pi
|
|
Sri Ksetra
|
|
Federated city states
|
|
250 BC – 1085 AD
|
|
Pyu
|
|
Qi
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
1600–445 BC
|
|
Qi
|
|
Linzi
|
|
Client-Dukedom
|
|
1046–221 BC
|
|
Qi
|
|
Qin, Quanqiu, Qian, Pingyang
|
|
Client-marquisate/dukedom
|
|
858–221 BC
|
|
Qin
|
|
Xianyang
|
|
Empire
|
|
221–206 BC
|
|
Qin Empire
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
102 – 6th century AD
|
|
Siljik
|
|
Gyeongju
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
55 BC – 935 AD
|
|
Silla
|
|
Suizhou
|
|
Marquisate & Client
|
|
771–221 BC
|
|
Sui
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdom/client
|
|
1600 BC – 7th century AD
|
|
Sumpa
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1046–316 BC
|
|
Shu
|
|
Tengzhou
|
|
Viscountcy
|
|
1046–414 BC
|
|
Teng
|
|
Thaton
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
300 BC – 1085 AD
|
|
Thaton
|
|
Wanggeom-seong
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
194–108 BC
|
|
Wim Joseon
|
|
Anyi, Daliang
|
|
Marquisate/kingdom
|
|
403–225 BC
|
|
Wei
|
|
Anyang
|
|
Confederation/kingdom
|
|
2879–258 BC
|
|
Văn Lang
|
|
Gusu
|
|
Viscountcy/client
|
|
2000–512 BC
|
|
Xu
|
|
|
|
Nomadic (empire)
|
|
93–234 AD
|
|
Xianbei
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation (empire)
|
|
209–155 BC
|
|
Xiongnu
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1st century – 3rd century AD
|
|
Yamatai
|
|
Ji
|
|
Principality
|
|
1046–222 BC
|
|
Yan
|
|
|
|
Nomadic kingdom
|
|
580–296 BC
|
|
Zhongshan
|
|
Haojing, Luoyi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1046–256 BC
|
|
Zhou
|
|
|
|
Viscountacy/dukedom
|
|
1012–350 BC
|
|
Zou
|
|
Dvaraka
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1100–550 BC
|
|
Anarta
|
|
Anuradhapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
377 BC – 1017 AD
|
|
Anuradhapura
|
|
Champa or Campā
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1380–550 BC
|
|
Anga
|
|
Mahissati, Ujjaini
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
900–322 BC
|
|
Avanti
|
|
Aykudi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
4th century BC – 12th century AD
|
|
Ay
|
|
Urayur/Kaveripattinam
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
2645–110 BC
|
|
Chola
|
|
Janasthana
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1100–450 BC
|
|
Danda
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdom
|
|
950–600 BC
|
|
Drangiana
|
|
Ganges
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–200 BC
|
|
Gangaridai
|
|
Bactra, Alexandria on the Oxus
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
256–125 BC
|
|
Greco-Bactria
|
|
Rajagriha, later Pataliputra
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
684–413 BC
|
|
Haryanka
|
|
Alexandria in the Caucasus, Taxila, Sagala
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
180 BC – 10 AD
|
|
Indo-Greek
|
|
Taxila
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
12 BC – 98 AD
|
|
Indo-Parthia
|
|
Sigal, Taxila, Mathura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
200 BC – 400 AD
|
|
Indo-Scythia
|
|
Dantapura/Rajapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1376–285 BC
|
|
Kalinga
|
|
Dantapura/Rajapura
|
|
Republic
|
|
285–261 BC
|
|
Kalinga Republic
|
|
Rajapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1450–195 BC
|
|
Kamboja
|
|
Asirgarh Qila
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1250–322 BC
|
|
Kasmira
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1000–325 BC
|
|
Kimpurusha
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1350 – c. 300 BC
|
|
Kirata
|
|
Shravasti
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1000–266 BC
|
|
Kosala
|
|
Shravasti
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
500 BC – 300 AD
|
|
Kuninda
|
|
Bagram, Peshawar, Taxila, Mathura
|
|
Empire
|
|
30–375 AD
|
|
Kushan Empire
|
|
Lankapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1100–543 BC
|
|
Lanka
|
|
Pella
|
|
Empire
|
|
334–323 BC
|
|
Macedonian Empire
|
|
Rajagriha/Rajgir /Pataliputra
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
799–323 BC
|
|
Magadha
|
|
Kusinārā, Pāvā
|
|
Republic
|
|
c. 7th century–c. 4th century BCE
|
|
Malla
|
|
Bairat
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1180–318 BC
|
|
Matsya
|
|
Pataliputra
|
|
Empire
|
|
322–185 BC
|
|
Maurya Empire
|
|
Ezhimalai
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
3rd century BC – 4th century AD
|
|
Mushika
|
|
Pataliputra
|
|
Empire
|
|
345–322 BC
|
|
Nanda Empire
|
|
Ahichatra, Kampilya
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
1100–700 BC
|
|
Panchala
|
|
Ahichatra, Kampilya
|
|
Kingdom/republic
|
|
700–323 BC
|
|
Panchala
|
|
Madurai
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1350–460 BC
|
|
Pandya
|
|
Kanchi
|
|
Empire
|
|
250 BC – 800 AD
|
|
Pallava Empire
|
|
Ctesiphon
|
|
Empire
|
|
247 BC – 224 AD
|
|
Parthian Empire
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c. 9th century – 325 BC
|
|
Parvata
|
|
Ecbatana, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa
|
|
Empire
|
|
549–330 BC
|
|
Persian Empire
|
|
Pundravardhana
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1300 BC – 550 AD
|
|
Pundra
|
|
Anuradhapura, Sigiriya, Polonnaruwa
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
377 BC −1310 AD
|
|
Rajarata
|
|
Rori
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450 BC – 489 AD
|
|
Ror
|
|
Magama
|
|
Principality
|
|
200 BC – 450 AD
|
|
Ruhuna
|
|
Samatata
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
232 BC – 7th c AD
|
|
Samatata
|
|
Amaravati
|
|
Empire
|
|
230 BC – 230 AD
|
|
Satavahana Empire
|
|
Seleucia, Antioch
|
|
Empire
|
|
312–63 BC
|
|
Seleucid Empire
|
|
Kapilavatthu
|
|
Monarchical Republic
|
|
800–320 BC
|
|
Shakya
|
|
Rajagriha, Vaishali
|
|
Empire
|
|
413–345 BC
|
|
Shishunaga Empire
|
|
Vrsadarbhpura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
800–320 BC
|
|
Sindhu
|
|
Methora
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
700–505 BC
|
|
Sinhala
|
|
not specified
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c. 8th century – 4th century BC
|
|
Suhma
|
|
Methora
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1000–323 BC
|
|
Surasena
|
|
Tambapanni
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
543–505 BC
|
|
Tambapanni
|
|
Prasthala
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1150–322 BC
|
|
Trigarta
|
|
Upatissa Nuwara
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
505–377 BC
|
|
Upatissa Nuwara
|
|
Gange
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1300 BC – 580 AD
|
|
Vanga
|
|
Kauśāmbī
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1100–323 BC
|
|
Vatsa
|
|
Vaishali
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
c. 7th century BCE - c. 468 BCE
|
|
Vajjika League
|
|
Narmada
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1200–350 BC
|
|
Yaksha
|
|
Arbela
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
15–310 AD
|
|
Adiabene
|
|
|
|
Empire
|
|
306–168 BC
|
|
Antigonid Empire
|
|
Hatra
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
3rd century BC – 300AD
|
|
Araba
|
|
Van
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
553 BC – 428AD
|
|
Armenia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
331–72 BC
|
|
Armenia Minor
|
|
Ganzak
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
320 BC – 226AD
|
|
Atropatene
|
|
Ḥajar Yaḥirr
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
7th century BC – 100 AD
|
|
Awsan
|
|
Nicomedia, Nicaea
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
297–74 BC
|
|
Bithynia
|
|
Mazaca
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
332–130 BC
|
|
Cappadocia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
600 BC – 651 AD
|
|
Carmania
|
|
Bit Yakin
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1100–539 BC
|
|
Chaldea
|
|
Charax Spasinou
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
127 BC – 222 AD
|
|
Characene
|
|
Tarsus
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
795–546 BC
|
|
Cilicia
|
|
Samosata
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
163 BC – 72 AD
|
|
Commagene
|
|
|
|
Principality/kingdom/client
|
|
800 BC – 653 AD
|
|
Corduene
|
|
Doris
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1200–580 BC
|
|
Doris
|
|
Rabbath Ammon
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1200–125 BC
|
|
Edom
|
|
Susa
|
|
Empire
|
|
1210–535 BC
|
|
Elamite Empire
|
|
Susa
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
147 BC −224 AD
|
|
Elymais
|
|
Ancyra
|
|
Empire
|
|
280–64 BC
|
|
Galatia
|
|
Parisos
|
|
Principality/kingdom/client
|
|
66–428 AD
|
|
Gardman
|
|
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
600 BC –
|
|
Gedrosia
|
|
Bactra, Alexandria (Oxus)
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
256–125 BC
|
|
Greco-Bactria
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
700 BC – 320 AD
|
|
Hadhramaut
|
|
Haram
|
|
Kingdom city state
|
|
600 – 175 BC
|
|
Haram
|
|
Heraclea Pontica
|
|
Oligarchic republic
|
|
365–284 BC
|
|
Heraclea Pontica
|
|
Alexandria(Caucasus), Taxila, Sagala
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
180 BC – 10 AD
|
|
Indo-Greek
|
|
Taxila
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
12 BC – 98 AD
|
|
Indo-Parthia
|
|
Sigal, Taxila, Mathura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
200 BC – 400 AD
|
|
Indo-Scythia
|
|
Jerusalem
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
9th century BC – 586 BC
|
|
Judah
|
|
Jerusalem
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
539 BC – 135 AD
|
|
Judea
|
|
Qaryat Dhāt Kāhil
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
2nd century BC – 525 AD
|
|
Kinda
|
|
|
|
Principality
|
|
331–72 BC
|
|
Lesser Armenia
|
|
Iconium
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
340–200 BC
|
|
Lycaonia
|
|
Xanthos, Patara
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1183–546 BC
|
|
Lycia
|
|
Sardis
|
|
Empire
|
|
680–546 BC
|
|
Lydian Empire
|
|
Pella
|
|
Empire
|
|
334–323 BC
|
|
Macedonian Empire
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
2200–550 BC
|
|
Magan
|
|
?/ Yathill
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
580–85 BC
|
|
Ma'in
|
|
Ecbatana
|
|
Empire
|
|
678–549 BC
|
|
Median Empire
|
|
Pergamon
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1320–301 BC[4]
|
|
Mysia
|
|
Petra
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
168 BC – 106 AD
|
|
Nabataea
|
|
Babylon
|
|
Empire
|
|
626–539 BC
|
|
Neo-Babylonian Empire
|
|
Edessa
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
134 BC – 244 AD
|
|
Osroene
|
|
Gangra
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1480–183 BC[5]
|
|
Paphlagonia
|
|
Perga
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
398–190 BC
|
|
Pamphylia
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdom/kingdom[6]
|
|
860–600 BC
|
|
Parsua
|
|
Ctesiphon
|
|
Empire
|
|
247 BC – 224 AD
|
|
Parthian Empire
|
|
Pegamon
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
282–133 BC
|
|
Pergamon
|
|
Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa
|
|
Empire
|
|
549–330 BC
|
|
Persian Empire
|
|
Amaseia, Sinope
|
|
Empire
|
|
250 BC – 68 AD
|
|
Pontic Empire
|
|
Amaseia, Sinope
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
281–250 BC
|
|
Pontus
|
|
Timna
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
6th century BC – 2nd century AD
|
|
Qataban
|
|
Alexandria
|
|
Kingdom/empire
|
|
305–30 BC
|
|
Ptolemaic
|
|
Rome, Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
27 BC – 1453 AD
|
|
Roman Empire
|
|
Rome
|
|
Republic
|
|
509–27 BC
|
|
Roman Republic
|
|
Sirwah, Ma'rib
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
12th/8th century BC – 275 AD
|
|
Saba'
|
|
Seleucia, Antioch
|
|
Empire
|
|
312–63 BC
|
|
Seleucid Empire
|
|
Karkathiokerta
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
298–94 BC
|
|
Sophene
|
|
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
780 BC – 5th century AD
|
|
Zabdicene
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
750–521 BC
|
|
Zikirti
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal city states
|
|
6th century BC – 16th century AD
|
|
Sao civilisation
|
|
Garama
|
|
Tribal Confederation/Empire
|
|
500 BC – 700 AD
|
|
Garamantes
|
|
Dammascus, Harran
|
|
Empire
|
|
661–750 AD
|
|
Umayyad Caliphate
|
|
Carthage
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
435–534 AD
|
|
Vandal Kingdom
|
|
Aksum
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c.100 – c.940 AD
|
|
Kingdom of Aksum
|
|
Soba
|
|
Empire
|
|
680–1504 AD
|
|
Alodia
|
|
|
|
Tribal Kingdom
|
|
600 BC – 8th century AD
|
|
Blemmyes
|
|
Kerma; Napata; Meroe
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1070 BC – 350 AD
|
|
Kush
|
|
Dongola
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
340–1312 AD
|
|
Makuria
|
|
Pachoras
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
350–650 AD
|
|
Nobatia
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
c. 350 BC – 550 AD
|
|
Gaetulia
|
|
Altava
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
530–578 AD
|
|
Garmul
|
|
Julia Caesara
|
|
Kingdom/Client Kingdom
|
|
285 BC – 431 AD
|
|
Mauretania
|
|
Koumbi Saleh
|
|
Empire
|
|
c. 400 – 1235 AD
|
|
Ghana Empire
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal Chiefdoms/Kingdom
|
|
1000 BC – 300 AD
|
|
Nok culture
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom City States
|
|
2000 BC – 900AD
|
|
Maya
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom City States
|
|
700 BC – 1521 AD
|
|
Zapotec
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal chiefdom's
|
|
12th century BC – 14th century AD
|
|
Pueblo
|
|
Teotihuacan
|
|
Empire
|
|
100 BC – 8th century AD
|
|
Teotihuacan Empire
|
|
Tumebamba
|
|
Tribal Confederacy
|
|
500–1533 AD
|
|
Cañari
|
|
Moche-Trujillo.
|
|
United Independent Polities
|
|
100–800 AD
|
|
Moche
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal chiefdom's
|
|
100 BC – 800 AD
|
|
Nazca
|
|
Tiwanaku
|
|
Empire
|
|
300–1000 AD
|
|
Tiwanaku empire
|
|
Huari
|
|
Empire
|
|
500–1100 AD
|
|
Wari Empire
|
|
|
|
Khaganate
|
|
567–804 AD
|
|
Avar Khaganate
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal Confederation
|
|
200 BC – 300AD
|
|
Basternae
|
|
Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
395–1453 AD
|
|
Byzantine Empire
|
|
Pliska (681–893), Preslav (893–968/972), Skopje, Ohrid, Bitola (until 1018)
|
|
Empire
|
|
681–1018 AD
|
|
First Bulgarian Empire
|
|
Sirmium
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
454–567 AD
|
|
Gepids
|
|
|
|
Tribal Kingdom
|
|
7th century BC – 4th century AD
|
|
Getae
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdom/countship/dukedom
|
|
6th–10th centuries AD
|
|
Narentines
|
|
|
|
Principality/Kingdom/Client
|
|
535 BC – 681 AD
|
|
Paeonia
|
|
|
|
Principality
|
|
7th–10th centuries
|
|
Principality of Serbia
|
|
Grianán Ailigh
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1283 AD
|
|
Ailech
|
|
Clogher
|
|
Tribal Federation/Kingdom
|
|
331–1590 AD
|
|
Airgíalla
|
|
Bamburgh
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
420–634 AD
|
|
Bernicia
|
|
Croghan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
700–1256 AD
|
|
Kingdom of Breifne
|
|
Talgarth
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1045 AD
|
|
Brycheiniog
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
25–871 AD
|
|
Cai
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1st century – 900 AD
|
|
Ce
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
475–680 AD
|
|
Ceredigion
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdom/kingdom
|
|
c. 10th century BC – 1474 AD
|
|
Connacht
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
4th century BC – 343 AD
|
|
Cornovii
|
|
Dunadd
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
501–878 AD
|
|
Dál Riata
|
|
York
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
559–664 AD
|
|
Deira
|
|
Isca Dumnoniorum
|
|
Dukedom/principality
|
|
290–875 AD
|
|
Dumnonia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
410–910 AD
|
|
Dyfed
|
|
Rendlesham, Dommoc
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
6th C – 918 AD
|
|
Kingdom of East Anglia
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1–850 AD
|
|
Fortriu
|
|
Cardiff
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
490–1063 AD
|
|
Glywysing
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
5th–8th century AD
|
|
Gododdin
|
|
Caerwent, Porth-is-Coed
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
420–1081 AD
|
|
Gwent
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
420–1261 AD
|
|
Gwynedd
|
|
Hastings
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
6th century – 771 AD
|
|
Haestingas
|
|
Ivernis
|
|
Tribal federated chiefdom's
|
|
500 BC – 400 AD
|
|
Iverni
|
|
Durovernum
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
455–871 AD
|
|
Kent
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
436–1632 AD
|
|
Leinster
|
|
Lindum
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
410–775 AD
|
|
Lindsey
|
|
Dublin
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1st century – 1173 AD
|
|
Meath
|
|
Tamworth
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
527 – 918 AD
|
|
Mercia
|
|
Bamburgh
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
653–954 AD
|
|
Kingdom of Northumbria
|
|
Kilkenny
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
150–1185 AD
|
|
Osraige
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
250 BC – 850 AD[1]
|
|
Pictland
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
488–1160 AD
|
|
Powys
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
550–650 AD
|
|
Rheged
|
|
Dumbarton, Govan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1093 AD
|
|
Strathclyde
|
|
Selsey
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
477–860 AD
|
|
Sussex
|
|
Dun na nGall
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
464–1607 AD
|
|
Tyrconnell
|
|
Rathangan, Daingean
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
507–1550 AD
|
|
Uí Failghe
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
465–1177 AD
|
|
Ulster
|
|
Winchester
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
519–1018 AD
|
|
Wessex
|
|
|
|
Tribal union
|
|
600–700 AD
|
|
Barsils
|
|
Balkh/Phanagoria
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
c. 5th century – 7th century AD
|
|
Bulgars
|
|
Panticapaeum
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
480 BC – 370 AD
|
|
Cimmerian Bosporus
|
|
Gelonos
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
5th century BC – 5th century AD
|
|
Gelonia
|
|
|
|
Tribal Empire
|
|
370s–469 AD
|
|
Hunnic Empire
|
|
|
|
Nomadic confederation
|
|
1st century – 370 AD
|
|
Huns
|
|
Various
|
|
Nomadic Kingdom
|
|
618–1048 AD
|
|
Khazar Khaganate
|
|
|
|
Nomadic confederation/client
|
|
453 – 8th century AD
|
|
Kutrigurs
|
|
|
|
Tribal Confederation/Principality
|
|
1100 BC – 895 AD
|
|
Magyar
|
|
Phanagoria
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
632–668 AD
|
|
Old Great Bulgaria
|
|
Tarki (Makhachkala)
|
|
Tribal Confederation
|
|
450BC – 400 AD
|
|
Sarmatians
|
|
|
|
Tribal Confederation
|
|
400 BC – 7th century AD
|
|
Venedae
|
|
Bolghar, Bilär
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
660–1236 AD
|
|
Volga Bulgaria
|
|
Benevento
|
|
Dukedom/Principality/Client
|
|
571–1074 AD
|
|
Duchy of Benevento after 774, Principality of Benevento
|
|
Pavia
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
568–774 AD
|
|
Kingdom of the Lombards
|
|
Ravenna
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
476–493 AD
|
|
Odoacer's Kingdom
|
|
Ravenna
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
493–553 AD
|
|
Ostrogothic Kingdom
|
|
Rome, Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
27 BC – 1453 AD
|
|
Roman Empire
|
|
San Marino
|
|
Republic
|
|
301 AD – present
|
|
San Marino
|
|
Benevento
|
|
Dukedom/Principality
|
|
574–1802 AD
|
|
Duchy of Tridentum
|
|
Venice
|
|
Republic
|
|
697–1797 AD
|
|
Republic of Venice
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
213 AD–496 AD
|
|
Alamannia
|
|
|
|
Tribal Confederation
|
|
85 BC – 213 AD
|
|
Alemanni
|
|
|
|
Kingdom/dukedom
|
|
343–1532 AD
|
|
Armorica
|
|
Metz
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
511–751 AD
|
|
Austrasia
|
|
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
508–788 AD
|
|
Bavaria
|
|
Borbetomagus, Lugdunum
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
410–534 AD
|
|
Kingdom of the Burgundians
|
|
Karnburg
|
|
Principality
|
|
658–828 AD
|
|
Carantania
|
|
|
|
Principality
|
|
430–1084 AD
|
|
Cornouaille
|
|
Tournai, Paris
|
|
Kingdom/Empire
|
|
481–843 AD
|
|
Francia
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal Confederation
|
|
210–481 AD
|
|
Franks
|
|
Dorestad, Utrecht
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
600–734 AD
|
|
Frisian Kingdom
|
|
Santiago de Compostela
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
409–1833 AD
|
|
Kingdom of Galicia
|
|
Colonia Agrippina, Augusta Treverorum
|
|
Empire
|
|
260–274 AD
|
|
Gallic Empire
|
|
Vorgium
|
|
Principality
|
|
520–936 AD
|
|
Poher
|
|
Chur
|
|
Bishopric (religious state)
|
|
452–1160 AD
|
|
Raetia Curiensis
|
|
Vindobona
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
467–487 AD
|
|
Rugiland
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
5th century BC – 754 AD
|
|
Saxons (Continental)
|
|
Noviodunum
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
457 – 486 AD
|
|
Kingdom of Soissons
|
|
|
|
Tribal Confederation
|
|
60 BC – 409 AD
|
|
Suebi
|
|
Braga
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
409–585 AD
|
|
Kingdom of the Suebi
|
|
|
|
Duchy
|
|
631–1440 AD
|
|
Duchy of Thuringia
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdoms
|
|
2nd century BC – 409 AD
|
|
Vandals
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
418–720 AD
|
|
Visigothic Kingdom
|
|
Mediolanum, Ravenna
|
|
Empire
|
|
395–476 AD
|
|
Western Roman Empire
|
|
Dvin
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
653–884 AD
|
|
Arminiya
|
|
|
|
Tribal Kingdom/Client
|
|
650 BC – 387 AD
|
|
Caspiane
|
|
Kabalak, Partav
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
65 BC – 628 AD
|
|
Caucasian Albania
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
302 BC – 580 AD
|
|
Kingdom of Iberia
|
|
Tbilisi
|
|
Principality
|
|
580–891 AD
|
|
Principality of Iberia
|
|
Phasis
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
1st century BC – 7th century AD
|
|
Lazica
|
|
Humraj
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
453 – 12th century AD
|
|
Sarir
|
|
Arbela
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
15–310 AD
|
|
Adiabene
|
|
Hatra
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
3rd century BC – 300 AD
|
|
Araba
|
|
Van
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
553 BC – 428 AD
|
|
Armenia
|
|
Ganzak
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
320 BC – 226 AD
|
|
Atropatene
|
|
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
600 BC – 651 AD
|
|
Carmania
|
|
Charax Spasinou
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
127 BC – 222 AD
|
|
Characene
|
|
|
|
Principality/kingdom/client
|
|
800 BC – 653 AD
|
|
Corduene
|
|
Susa
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
147 BC – 224 AD
|
|
Elymais
|
|
Parisos
|
|
Principality/Kingdom/Client
|
|
66–428 AD
|
|
Gardman
|
|
Balka, Harith, Petra, Sideir
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
220–712 AD
|
|
Ghassanid
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
700 BC – 320 AD
|
|
Hadhramaut
|
|
Qaryat Dhāt Kāhil
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
2nd century BC – 525 AD
|
|
Kindah
|
|
Al-Hirah
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
300–602 AD
|
|
Lakhmids
|
|
Edessa
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
134 BC – 244 AD
|
|
Osroene
|
|
Palmyra
|
|
Empire
|
|
260–273 AD
|
|
Palmyrene Empire
|
|
Ctesiphon
|
|
Empire
|
|
247 BC – 224 AD
|
|
Parthian Empire
|
|
Medina, Kuffa
|
|
Empire
|
|
632–661 AD
|
|
Rashidun Caliphate
|
|
Estakhr, Ctesiphon
|
|
Empire
|
|
224–637 AD
|
|
Sasanian Empire
|
|
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
780 BC – 5th century AD
|
|
Zabdicene
|
|
Kath
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
305–995 AD
|
|
Afrighids
|
|
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
329 BC – 280 AD
|
|
Dayuan
|
|
Khokand
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
220 BC – 590 AD
|
|
Fergana
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
408–670 AD
|
|
Hephthalite Empire
|
|
|
|
Tribal Federation
|
|
280 BC – 585 AD
|
|
Kangju
|
|
Kashgar
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
80–850 AD
|
|
Kashgar
|
|
Khotan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
56–1006 AD
|
|
Khotan
|
|
Kucha
|
|
Buddhist Kingdom
|
|
46–658 AD
|
|
Kucha
|
|
|
|
Confederation
|
|
330–555 AD
|
|
Rouran Khaganate
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdom/client
|
|
1600 BC – 7th century AD
|
|
Sumpa
|
|
Chang'an, Luoyang
|
|
Empire
|
|
618–907 AD
|
|
Tang dynasty
|
|
Lhasa, Pho brang
|
|
Empire
|
|
618–907 AD
|
|
Tibetan Empire
|
|
Balasagun
|
|
Nomadic Empire
|
|
699–766 AD
|
|
Turgesh Khaganate
|
|
Ordu Baliq
|
|
Confederation
|
|
552–747 AD
|
|
First Turkic Khaganate
|
|
Turpan
|
|
Buddhist Kingdom
|
|
480–640 AD
|
|
Turpan
|
|
Fuqi
|
|
Nomadic Kingdom
|
|
285–670 AD
|
|
Tuyuhun
|
|
|
|
Tribal federation
|
|
320 – late 5th century AD
|
|
Xionites
|
|
Anuradhapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
377 BC – 1017 AD
|
|
Anuradhapura
|
|
Aykudi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
4th century BC – 12th century AD
|
|
Ay
|
|
Chakhar Gutho
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
7th–17th centuries AD
|
|
Kingdom of Bumthang
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
5th century BC – 1102 AD
|
|
Chera Kingdom
|
|
Vengi, Rajamundry
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
624–1129 AD
|
|
Eastern Chalukyas
|
|
Karnasuvarna
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
590–626 AD
|
|
Gauda Kingdom
|
|
Pataliputra
|
|
Empire
|
|
320–620 AD
|
|
Gupta Empire
|
|
Kannauj
|
|
Empire
|
|
650–1036 AD
|
|
Gurjara-Pratihara
|
|
Kanauj
|
|
Empire
|
|
606–647 AD
|
|
Harsha
|
|
Sigal, Taxila, Mathura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
200 BC – 400 AD
|
|
Indo-Scythians
|
|
Kabul, Waihind
|
|
Kingdom/Empire
|
|
6th century – 1026 AD
|
|
Kabul Shahi
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
350–1140 AD
|
|
Kamarupa
|
|
Shravasti
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
500 BC – 300 AD
|
|
Kuninda
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
30–375 AD
|
|
Kushan Empire
|
|
Vallabhi
|
|
Empire
|
|
475–767 AD
|
|
Maitraka
|
|
Kannauj
|
|
Empire
|
|
550s – 8th century AD
|
|
Maukhari
|
|
Ezhimalai
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
3rd century BC – 4th century AD
|
|
Mushika
|
|
Kanchi
|
|
Empire
|
|
250 BC – 800 AD
|
|
Pallava Empire
|
|
Pundravardhana
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1300 BC – 550 AD
|
|
Pundra
|
|
Aror
|
|
Empire
|
|
489–690 AD
|
|
Rai dynasty
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
377 BC – 1310 AD
|
|
Rajarata
|
|
Magama
|
|
Principality
|
|
200 BC – 450 AD
|
|
Ruhuna
|
|
Vatsagulma
|
|
Empire
|
|
250–500 AD
|
|
Satavahana Empire
|
|
Amaravati
|
|
Empire
|
|
230 BC – 230 AD
|
|
Vakataka Empire
|
|
Gange
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1300 BC – 580 AD
|
|
Vanga
|
|
Indrapalanagara
|
|
Empire
|
|
420–624 AD
|
|
Vishnukundina
|
|
Kolar, Talakad
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
350–1000 AD
|
|
Western Ganga dynasty
|
|
Ozone, Barygaza
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
35–405 AD
|
|
Western Satraps
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
7th century – 1888 AD
|
|
Bruneian Empire
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
192–1832 AD
|
|
Champa
|
|
Bhavapura, Isanapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
550–706 AD
|
|
Chenla Kingdom
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
100 BC – 7th century AD
|
|
Chi Tu
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
60–550 AD
|
|
Funan
|
|
Gangga Negara
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
2nd–11th centuries AD
|
|
Gangga Negara
|
|
Kedah, Pattani
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
100–1516 AD
|
|
Langkasuka
|
|
Lavo, Ayodhaya
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1388 AD
|
|
Lavo Kingdom
|
|
Jambi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
4th–13th centuries AD
|
|
Melayu Kingdom
|
|
Sri Ksetra
|
|
Federated City States
|
|
250 BC – 1085 AD
|
|
Pyu city-states
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
669–1579 AD
|
|
Sunda Kingdom
|
|
Sundapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
358–669 AD
|
|
Tarumanagara
|
|
Thaton
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
300 BC–1085 AD
|
|
Thaton Kingdom
|
|
Longbian
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
544–602 AD
|
|
Vạn Xuân
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
220–265 AD
|
|
Cao Wei
|
|
Chengdu
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
304–347 AD
|
|
Cheng Han
|
|
Lüeyang
|
|
Principality
|
|
184–511 AD
|
|
Chouchi
|
|
|
|
Tribal Chiefdom/Dukedom
|
|
250–338 AD
|
|
Duan
|
|
Wuchang, Jianye
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
229–280 AD
|
|
Eastern Wu
|
|
Lishi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
304–329 AD
|
|
Former Zhao
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
206 BC – 220 AD
|
|
Han Empire
|
|
Shangjing
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
388 – 1211 AD
|
|
Khitans
|
|
Jiankang
|
|
Empire
|
|
420–479 AD
|
|
Liu Song dynasty
|
|
Jiankang
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
397–460 AD
|
|
Northern Liang
|
|
Shengle
|
|
Empire
|
|
386–585 AD
|
|
Northern Wei
|
|
Chengdu
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
221–263 AD
|
|
Shu Han
|
|
Jiankang
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
477–502 AD
|
|
Southern Qi
|
|
Yongshicheng
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
385–431 AD
|
|
Western Qin
|
|
|
|
Nomadic (Empire)
|
|
93–234 AD
|
|
Xianbei state
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
660 BC – present
|
|
Japan
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1st century – 3rd century AD
|
|
Yamatai
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
18 BC – 660 AD
|
|
Baekje
|
|
Dongmo
|
|
Empire
|
|
698–926 AD
|
|
Balhae
|
|
Buyeoseong
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
189 BC – 494 AD
|
|
Buyeo
|
|
|
|
Chiefdom
|
|
3rd century BC – 5th century AD
|
|
Dongye
|
|
Gaya
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
42–562 AD
|
|
Gaya confederacy
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
37 BC – 668 AD
|
|
Goguryeo
|
|
Cheonan
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
98 BC – 250 AD
|
|
Mahan confederacy
|
|
|
|
Tribal state
|
|
2nd century BC – 5th century AD
|
|
Okjeo
|
|
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
1st century BC – 4th century AD
|
|
Samhan
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
102 – 6th century AD
|
|
Siljik
|
|
Gyeongju
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
55 BC – 935 AD
|
|
Silla
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
512–930 AD
|
|
Usan
|
|
Grianán Ailigh
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1617 AD
|
|
Ailech
|
|
Clogher
|
|
Tribal Federation/kingdom
|
|
331–1590 AD
|
|
Airgíalla
|
|
Clogher
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
900–1286 AD
|
|
Alba (Scotland)
|
|
No official
|
|
Empire
|
|
1154–1242 AD
|
|
Angevin Empire
|
|
Metz
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
511–751 AD
|
|
Austrasia
|
|
|
|
Khaganate
|
|
567–804 AD
|
|
Avar Khaganate
|
|
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
508–788 AD
|
|
Bavaria
|
|
Various
|
|
Viscounty
|
|
9th century–1620 AD
|
|
Béarn
|
|
Bouillon
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
1456–1794 AD
|
|
Bouillon
|
|
Brussels
|
|
Duchy
|
|
1183–1430 AD
|
|
Brabant
|
|
Croghan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
700–1256 AD
|
|
Breifne
|
|
Various
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
939–1547 AD
|
|
Brittany
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1045 AD
|
|
Brycheiniog
|
|
Pliska (681–893), Preslav (893–968/972), Skopje, Ohrid, Bitola (until 1018)
|
|
Empire
|
|
681–1018 AD
|
|
First Bulgarian Empire
|
|
Dijon
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
1032–1477 AD
|
|
Burgundy
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
25–871 AD
|
|
Cait
|
|
Karnburg
|
|
Principality
|
|
658–828 AD
|
|
Carantania
|
|
Aachen
|
|
Empire
|
|
800–888 AD
|
|
Carolingian Empire
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1st century–900 AD
|
|
Ce
|
|
Dunadd
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
501–878 AD
|
|
Dal Riada
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c. 900 AD–state exists today
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Killarney
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1118–1596 AD
|
|
Desmond
|
|
Isca Dumnoniorum
|
|
Principality
|
|
360–710 AD
|
|
Dumnonia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
410–910 AD
|
|
Dyfed
|
|
Heide
|
|
Republic
|
|
c. 1320–1559
|
|
Dithmarschen
|
|
Winchester, London
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
927–1707 AD
|
|
England
|
|
Rendlesham, Dommoc
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
6th century–918 AD
|
|
East Angles
|
|
Paris, Versailles
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
843–1792 AD
|
|
France
|
|
Dorestad, Utrecht
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
600–734 AD
|
|
Frisia
|
|
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
c. 1200–c. 1500 AD
|
|
Frisia (Upstalsboom Confederacy)
|
|
Various
|
|
Countship
|
|
862–1795 AD
|
|
Flanders
|
|
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
1–850 AD
|
|
Fortriu
|
|
Tournai, Paris
|
|
Kingdom/Empire
|
|
481–843 AD
|
|
Frankish Empire
|
|
Various
|
|
Principality/kingdom/client
|
|
1199–1349 AD
|
|
Galicia–Volhynia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c. 1000–1234 AD
|
|
Galloway
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
5th–8th centuries AD
|
|
Gododdin
|
|
Sarai Batu
|
|
Khanate
|
|
1240–1502 AD
|
|
Golden Horde
|
|
Caerwent, Porth-is-Coed
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
420–1081 AD
|
|
Gwent
|
|
Cardiff
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
490–1063 AD
|
|
Glywysing
|
|
Geldern
|
|
Countship/dukedom
|
|
1096–1795 AD
|
|
Guelders
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
420–1216 AD
|
|
Gwynedd
|
|
Hastings
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
6th century–771 AD
|
|
Haestingas
|
|
The Hague
|
|
Countship
|
|
11th century–1795 AD
|
|
Holland
|
|
No official
|
|
Empire
|
|
962–1806 AD
|
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
|
Þingvellir
|
|
Commonwealth (federation)
|
|
930–1262 AD
|
|
Iceland
|
|
Dublin
|
|
Lordship
|
|
1171–1542 AD
|
|
Ireland
|
|
Copenhagen (from 1443)
|
|
Union
|
|
1397–1523 AD
|
|
Kalmar
|
|
Durovernum
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
488–871 AD
|
|
Kent
|
|
Kiev
|
|
Principality
|
|
1132–1471 AD
|
|
Kiev
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
436–1632 AD
|
|
Leinster
|
|
Lindum
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
410–775 AD
|
|
Lindsey
|
|
Nancy
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
959–1766 AD
|
|
Lorraine
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
855–959 AD
|
|
Lotharingia
|
|
Dorestad, Utrecht
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
600–734 AD
|
|
Magna Frisia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
848–1266 AD
|
|
Mann and Isles
|
|
|
|
Dukedom/client
|
|
1153–1248 AD
|
|
Merania
|
|
Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu
|
|
Empire
|
|
1206–1368 AD
|
|
Mongol Empire
|
|
Dublin
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1st century–1173 AD
|
|
Meath
|
|
Tamworth
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
527–918 AD
|
|
Mercia
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c. 970–1130 AD
|
|
Moray
|
|
Moscow
|
|
Grand Duchy / client
|
|
1283–1547 AD
|
|
Moscow
|
|
Rouen
|
|
Duchy
|
|
911–1259 AD
|
|
Normandy
|
|
Bamburgh
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
653–954 AD
|
|
Northumbria
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
872 AD–state exists today
|
|
Norway
|
|
Novgorod
|
|
Republic
|
|
1136–1478 AD
|
|
Novgorod
|
|
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
758–804 AD
|
|
Old Saxony
|
|
Orange, Vaucluse
|
|
Principality
|
|
1163–1717 AD
|
|
Orange
|
|
Kilkenny
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
150–1185 AD
|
|
Ossory
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
250 BC–850 AD[1]
|
|
Pictland
|
|
Various
|
|
Duchy
|
|
1121–1637 AD
|
|
Pomerania
|
|
Vorgium
|
|
Principality
|
|
520–936 AD
|
|
Poher
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
488–1160 AD
|
|
Powys
|
|
Chur
|
|
Bishopric (religious)
|
|
452–1176 AD
|
|
Raetia Curiensis
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation
|
|
5th century BC–754 AD
|
|
Saxons
|
|
Stirling, Edinburgh
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
843–1707 AD
|
|
Scotland
|
|
Dumbarton, Govan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1093 AD
|
|
Strathclyde
|
|
Selsey
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
477–825 AD
|
|
Sussex
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
c.970–state exists today
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Various
|
|
Confederacy
|
|
c. 1300–1798
|
|
Swiss Confederacy
|
|
Various
|
|
Confederated bishopric principalities (religious)
|
|
1207–1561 AD
|
|
Terra Mariana
|
|
Ennis
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1118–1543 AD
|
|
Thomond
|
|
|
|
Duchy
|
|
450–1247 AD
|
|
Thuringia
|
|
Tver
|
|
Principality
|
|
1246–1485 AD
|
|
Tver
|
|
Dun na nGall
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
464–1607 AD
|
|
Tyrconnell
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
465–1177 AD
|
|
Ulster
|
|
Rathangan, Daingean
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
507–1550 AD
|
|
Uí Failghe
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
418–720 AD
|
|
Visigothic
|
|
Vladimir
|
|
Grand Dukedom/client
|
|
1157–1231 AD
|
|
Vladimir-Suzdal
|
|
Aber Garth Celyn
|
|
Principality
|
|
1216–1542 AD
|
|
Wales
|
|
Winchester
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
519–1018 AD
|
|
Wessex
|
|
Andravida, Mystras
|
|
Principality
|
|
1205–1432 AD
|
|
Achaea
|
|
Angelokastron
|
|
Despotate
|
|
1359–1374 AD
|
|
Angelokastron and Lepanto
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1162–1716 AD
|
|
Aragon
|
|
Kruja
|
|
Principality
|
|
1190–1255 AD
|
|
Arbanon
|
|
Naxos
|
|
Duchy
|
|
1207–1579 AD
|
|
Archipelago
|
|
Nauplia
|
|
Lordship/client
|
|
1212–1388 AD
|
|
Argos & Nauplia
|
|
Arta
|
|
Despotate
|
|
1359–1374 AD
|
|
Arta
|
|
Arta
|
|
Despotate
|
|
1374–1416 AD
|
|
Arta,Angelokastron and Lepanto
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
718–924 AD
|
|
Asturias
|
|
Athens
|
|
Duchy
|
|
1205–1458 AD
|
|
Athens
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Khaganate
|
|
567–804 AD
|
|
Avar Khaganate
|
|
Benevento
|
|
Dukedom/Principality/Client
|
|
571–1074 AD
|
|
Benevento
|
|
Benevento
|
|
Marquisate/client
|
|
1204–1414 AD
|
|
Bodonitsa
|
|
Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
395–1453 AD
|
|
Byzantine Empire
|
|
Phanagoria
|
|
Absolute monarchy, Khaganate
|
|
632–668 AD
|
|
Old Great Bulgaria
|
|
Bolghar, Bilär
|
|
Monarchy, Khaganate
|
|
7th century–1240s AD
|
|
Volga Bulgaria
|
|
Pliska (681–893), Preslav (893–968/972), Skopje, Ohrid, Bitola (until 1018)
|
|
Empire
|
|
681–1018 AD
|
|
First Bulgarian Empire
|
|
Tarnovo (1185 –1393) Vidin and Nikopol (1393–1396)
|
|
Empire
|
|
1185–1396 AD
|
|
Second Bulgarian Empire
|
|
Aachen
|
|
Empire
|
|
800–888 AD
|
|
Carolingian Empire
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1230–1516 AD
|
|
Castile
|
|
Barcelona
|
|
Principality
|
|
1162–1716 AD
|
|
Catalonia
|
|
Ceva
|
|
Marquisate
|
|
1125–1427 AD
|
|
Ceva
|
|
Córdoba
|
|
Principality
|
|
756–929 AD
|
|
Córdoba
|
|
Córdoba
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
929–1031 AD
|
|
Cordoba
|
|
Chandax
|
|
Principality
|
|
824–961 AD
|
|
Crete
|
|
Stary Krym, Bakhchisaray
|
|
Khanate
|
|
1449–1783 AD
|
|
Crimean Khanate
|
|
Various
|
|
Principality
|
|
c. 800–925 AD
|
|
Croatian duchy
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
925–1102 AD
|
|
Croatia
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Nomadic confederation
|
|
900–1220 AD
|
|
Cumania
|
|
Karvuna
|
|
Despotate
|
|
1356–1411 AD
|
|
Dobruja
|
|
Florence
|
|
Republic
|
|
1115–1532 AD
|
|
Florence
|
|
Tournai, Paris
|
|
Kingdom/Empire
|
|
431–768 AD
|
|
Frankish Empire
|
|
A Coruña
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
409–1833 AD
|
|
Galicia
|
|
Genoa
|
|
Republic
|
|
1005–1797 AD
|
|
Genoa
|
|
Sarai Batu
|
|
Nomadic kingdom
|
|
1240–1502 AD
|
|
Golden Horde
|
|
Girona?
|
|
Marquisate
|
|
795–801 AD
|
|
Hispanica
|
|
No official
|
|
Empire
|
|
962–1806 AD
|
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
|
Esztergom, Székesfehérvár
|
|
Principality
|
|
895–1000 AD
|
|
Hungary
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1000–1918/ 1920–1946 AD
|
|
Hungary
|
|
Kazan
|
|
Khanate
|
|
1438–1552 AD
|
|
Khanate of Kazan
|
|
Kiev
|
|
Federated principalities
|
|
882–1283 AD
|
|
Kievan Rus'
|
|
Various
|
|
Nomadic Kingdom
|
|
618–1048 AD
|
|
Khazar Khaganate
|
|
|
|
Nomadic confederation/client
|
|
453–8th century AD
|
|
Kutrigurs
|
|
Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
1204–1261 AD
|
|
Latin Empire
|
|
Lovech
|
|
Despotate
|
|
1330-1446 AD
|
|
Lovech
|
|
Leon
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
910–1230 AD
|
|
León
|
|
Vilnius
|
|
Grand Dukemond
|
|
1236–1569 AD
|
|
Lithuania
|
|
Pavia
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
568–774 AD
|
|
Lombard
|
|
Various
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
839–875 AD
|
|
Lower Pannonia
|
|
Lucca
|
|
Republic
|
|
1160–1805 AD
|
|
Lucca
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Tribal Confederation/Principality
|
|
1100 BC–895 AD
|
|
Magyar
|
|
Palma, Perpignan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1231–1715 AD
|
|
Majorca
|
|
Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu
|
|
Empire
|
|
1206–1368 AD
|
|
Mongol Empire
|
|
Pamplona
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
824–1841 AD
|
|
Navarre
|
|
|
|
Tribal chiefdom/countship/dukedom
|
|
6th–10th centuries AD
|
|
Narentines
|
|
Neopatras
|
|
Duchy
|
|
1319–1390
|
|
Neopatras
|
|
Rome
|
|
Pontifical states
|
|
754–1870 AD
|
|
Papal
|
|
Philippopolis
|
|
Duchy
|
|
1204–1205 AD
|
|
Philippopolis
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1139–1910 AD
|
|
Portugal
|
|
Ragusa
|
|
Republic
|
|
1358–1807 AD
|
|
Ragusa
|
|
Salona
|
|
Lordship
|
|
1212–1394
|
|
Salona
|
|
San Marino
|
|
Republic
|
|
301 AD–state exists today
|
|
San Marino
|
|
Cagliari, Turin
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1324–1861 AD
|
|
Sardinia
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Dukedom
|
|
1416–1714
|
|
Savoy
|
|
Ras
|
|
Principality
|
|
7th century–c. 970
|
|
Principality of Serbia
|
|
Ras
|
|
Grand Principality
|
|
c. 1080–1217
|
|
Grand Principality of Serbia
|
|
Ras, Žiča, Prizren
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1217–1346
|
|
Kingdom of Serbia
|
|
Skopje, Prizren
|
|
Empire
|
|
1346–1371
|
|
Serbian Empire
|
|
Kruševac
|
|
Principality
|
|
1371–1402
|
|
Principality of Serbia
|
|
Kuševac, Beograd, Smederevo
|
|
Despotate
|
|
1402–1459
|
|
Serbian Despotate
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1130–1816 AD
|
|
Sicily
|
|
Toledo, Madrid
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1479 AD–state exists today
|
|
Spain
|
|
Various
|
|
Confederation of kingdoms/principalities
|
|
1011–1571 AD
|
|
Taifa
|
|
Trebinje
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
850–1482 AD
|
|
Travunia
|
|
Thessalonica
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1204–1224 AD
|
|
Thessalonica
|
|
Benevento
|
|
Dukedom/Principality (religious)
|
|
574–1802 AD
|
|
Tridentum
|
|
Valencia
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1238–1707 AD
|
|
Valencia
|
|
Venice
|
|
Republic
|
|
697–1797 AD
|
|
Venice
|
|
Vidin
|
|
Tsardom
|
|
1356–1365 AD
|
|
Vidin
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
418–720 AD
|
|
Visigothic
|
|
Gniezno. later Cracovia
|
|
Duchy and Kingdom
|
|
966-1370(1795)AD
|
|
Kingdom of Poland
|
|
Baghdad
|
|
Empire (religious)
|
|
750–1256 AD
|
|
Abbasid Caliphate
|
|
Arbela
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
164 BC–379 AD
|
|
Adiabene
|
|
Aghmat, Marrakesh
|
|
Empire
|
|
1040–1147 AD
|
|
Almoravid
|
|
Tinmel, Marrakesh
|
|
Empire (religious)
|
|
1121–1269 AD
|
|
Almohad
|
|
Tripoli
|
|
Principality/client (religious)
|
|
1070–1109 AD
|
|
Ammar
|
|
Perim, Sari, Amol
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
651–1349 AD
|
|
Bavand
|
|
Antioch
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
1098–1268 AD
|
|
Antioch
|
|
Ghazir
|
|
Lordship/client
|
|
1306–1591 AD
|
|
Assaf
|
|
Various
|
|
Confederate/Sultanate
|
|
1378–1501 AD
|
|
Aq Qoyunlu
|
|
Tarsus, Sis
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1198–1375 AD
|
|
Armenian Cilicia
|
|
Dvin
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
653–884 AD
|
|
Arminiya
|
|
Cairo
|
|
Confederated principalities/empire
|
|
1171–1341 AD
|
|
Ayyubid
|
|
Constantinople
|
|
Empire
|
|
330–1453 AD
|
|
Byzantine Empire
|
|
Shiraz, Ray, Baghdad
|
|
Emirate
|
|
934–1062 AD
|
|
Buwayhids
|
|
Nicosia
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1192–1489 AD
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
Amol, Sari, Fuman
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
642–760 AD
|
|
Dabuyid
|
|
Edessa, Turbessel
|
|
Countship
|
|
1098–1150 AD
|
|
Edessa
|
|
Mahdia, Al-Mansuriya, Cairo
|
|
Empire
|
|
909–1171 AD
|
|
Fatimid Caliphate
|
|
Tiberias
|
|
Principality/client
|
|
1099–1187 AD
|
|
Galilee
|
|
Balka, Harith, Petra, Sideir
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
220–712 AD
|
|
Ghassanid
|
|
Various
|
|
Sultanate
|
|
879–1215 AD
|
|
Ghurid
|
|
Mosul, Aleppo
|
|
Emirate
|
|
890–1003 AD
|
|
Hamdanid
|
|
Beni Hammad, Bejaia
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1014–1152 AD
|
|
Hammadid
|
|
Tunis
|
|
Sultanate
|
|
1229–1574 AD
|
|
Hafsid
|
|
Baalbek
|
|
Lordship/client
|
|
1490–1865 AD
|
|
Harfush
|
|
Fez
|
|
Empire (religious)
|
|
788–985 AD
|
|
Idrisids
|
|
Fustat
|
|
Emirate
|
|
935–969 AD
|
|
Ikhshidid
|
|
Maragha, Tabriz, Soltaniyeh
|
|
Nomadic kingdom
|
|
1256–1335 AD
|
|
Ilkhanate
|
|
Jaffa
|
|
Countship/client
|
|
1100–1268 AD
|
|
Jaffa and Ascalon
|
|
Ramla
|
|
Emirate/client
|
|
970–1107 AD
|
|
Jarrahids
|
|
Jerusalem
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1099–1291 AD
|
|
Jerusalem
|
|
Tabriz
|
|
Confederation
|
|
1374–1468 AD
|
|
Kara Koyunlu
|
|
Atil, Balanjar, Semender
|
|
Nomadic kingdom
|
|
618–1048 AD
|
|
Khazar Khaganate
|
|
Al-Hirah
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
300–602 AD
|
|
Lakhmids
|
|
Constantinople
|
|
Empire/client
|
|
1204–1261 AD
|
|
Latin Empire
|
|
Cairo
|
|
Sultanate
|
|
1250–1517 AD
|
|
Mamluk
|
|
Diyarbakir
|
|
Emirate
|
|
983–1085 AD
|
|
Marwanids
|
|
Chouf
|
|
Lordship/client
|
|
1120–1697 AD
|
|
Ma'n
|
|
Aleppo
|
|
Emirate
|
|
1024–1080 AD
|
|
Mirdasid
|
|
Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu
|
|
Empire
|
|
1206–1368 AD
|
|
Mongol Empire
|
|
Bahla
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1154–1624 AD
|
|
Nabhanis
|
|
Temsaman, Nekor
|
|
Emirate
|
|
710–1012 AD
|
|
Nekor
|
|
Nicaea
|
|
Empire/client
|
|
1204–1261 AD
|
|
Nicaea
|
|
Alamut Castle, Masyaf
|
|
Military order
|
|
1090–1273 AD
|
|
Nizari Ismaili
|
|
Harran
|
|
Emirate
|
|
990–1081 AD
|
|
Numayrids
|
|
Söğüt, Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul
|
|
Empire
|
|
1299–1922 AD
|
|
Ottoman Empire
|
|
Montreal (Arabah), Kerak
|
|
Lordship/client
|
|
1118–1199 AD
|
|
Oultrejordain
|
|
al-Hasa
|
|
Republic (Utopia)
|
|
899–1067 AD
|
|
Qarmatians
|
|
Nicaea, Iconium
|
|
Sultanate
|
|
1077–1307 AD
|
|
Rüm
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Imamate
|
|
897–1962 AD
|
|
Rassids
|
|
Tabriz
|
|
Emirate
|
|
955–1071 AD
|
|
Rawadids
|
|
Istakhr, Cteisphon
|
|
Empire
|
|
224–651 AD
|
|
Sasanian Empire
|
|
Sidon
|
|
Lordship/client
|
|
1110–1260 AD
|
|
Sidon
|
|
Nishapur, Rey, Isfahan, Merv, Hamadan
|
|
Empire
|
|
1037–1194 AD
|
|
Seljuk
|
|
Merv, Nishapur
|
|
Emirate
|
|
821–873 AD
|
|
Tahirids
|
|
Tlemcen
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1235–1554 AD
|
|
Tlemcen
|
|
Trebizond
|
|
Empire/client
|
|
1204–1461 AD
|
|
Trebizond Empire
|
|
Tripoli
|
|
Countship/client
|
|
1102–1289 AD
|
|
Tripoli
|
|
Al-Qata'i
|
|
Emirate
|
|
868–905 AD
|
|
Tulunids
|
|
Dammascus, Harran
|
|
Empire (religious)
|
|
661–750 AD
|
|
Umayyad Caliphate
|
|
Mosul
|
|
Emirate
|
|
990–1096 AD
|
|
Uqaylid
|
|
Al Hasa, Awal, Qatif
|
|
Emirate
|
|
1076–1253 AD
|
|
Uyunid
|
|
Sana'a, Shibam Kawkabam
|
|
Principality
|
|
847–997 AD
|
|
Yu'firids
|
|
Aleppo
|
|
Emirate
|
|
1127–1250 AD
|
|
Zengid
|
|
Zabid
|
|
Emirate (religious)
|
|
819–1018 AD
|
|
Ziyadid
|
|
Aden
|
|
Tribal confederacy (religious)
|
|
1083–1174 AD
|
|
Zurayids
|
|
Kath
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
305–995 AD
|
|
Afrighid
|
|
|
|
Khaganate
|
|
567–804 AD
|
|
Avar Khaganate
|
|
Dongmo
|
|
Empire
|
|
698–926 AD
|
|
Balhae Empire
|
|
|
|
Tribal union
|
|
600–700 AD
|
|
Barsil
|
|
Phanagoria
|
|
Absolute monarchy, Khaganate
|
|
632–668 AD
|
|
Old Great Bulgaria
|
|
Bolghar, Bilär
|
|
Monarchy, Khaganate
|
|
7th century–1240s AD
|
|
Volga Bulgaria
|
|
Pliska (681–893), Preslav (893–968/972), Skopje, Ohrid, Bitola (until 1018)
|
|
Empire
|
|
681–1018 AD
|
|
First Bulgarian Empire
|
|
Tarnovo (1185 –1393) Vidin and Nikopol (1393–1396)
|
|
Empire
|
|
1185–1396 AD
|
|
Second Bulgarian Empire
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Nomadic confederation
|
|
900–1220 AD
|
|
Cumania
|
|
Kutaisi, Tbilisi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1008–1491 AD
|
|
Georgia
|
|
Ordu Baliq
|
|
Nomadic confederation
|
|
552–747 AD
|
|
Göktürk Khaganate
|
|
Sarai Batu
|
|
Khanate
|
|
1240–1502 AD
|
|
Golden Horde
|
|
Various
|
|
Sultanate
|
|
879–1215 AD
|
|
Ghurid
|
|
Tbilisi
|
|
Principality
|
|
580–891 AD
|
|
Iberia
|
|
Various
|
|
Nomadic Kingdom
|
|
1256–1335 AD
|
|
Ilkhanate
|
|
|
|
Tribal confederation/khanate
|
|
1120–1206 AD
|
|
Khamag Mongol
|
|
Various
|
|
Nomadic confederation
|
|
840–1212 AD
|
|
Kara-Khanid Khanate
|
|
Kashgar
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
80–850 AD
|
|
Kashgar
|
|
Kiev
|
|
Federated principalities
|
|
882–1283 AD
|
|
Kievan Rus'
|
|
Various
|
|
Nomadic kingdom
|
|
618–1048 AD
|
|
Khazar Khaganate
|
|
Shangjing
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
388–1211 AD
|
|
Khitan
|
|
Phasis
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
1st century BC–7th century AD
|
|
Lazica
|
|
|
|
Tribal Confederation/principality
|
|
1100 BC–895 AD
|
|
Magyar
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
1206–1368 AD
|
|
Mongol Empire
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Tribal kingdom
|
|
830–899 AD
|
|
Rus' Khaganate
|
|
Humraj
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
453–1000 AD
|
|
Sarir
|
|
Bianjing, Lin'an
|
|
Empire
|
|
960–1279 AD
|
|
Song Empire
|
|
Chang'an, Luoyang
|
|
Empire
|
|
618–907 AD
|
|
Tang Empire
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Confederation
|
|
8th century–1202 AD
|
|
Tatar
|
|
Lhasa, Pho brang
|
|
Empire
|
|
618–841 AD
|
|
Tibetan Empire
|
|
Balasagun
|
|
Nomadic Empire
|
|
699–766 AD
|
|
Turgesh Khaganate
|
|
Dammascus, Harran
|
|
Empire (religious)
|
|
661–750 AD
|
|
Umayyad Caliphate
|
|
Khanbaliq
|
|
Nomadic empire
|
|
1271–1368 AD
|
|
Yuan Empire
|
|
Dongmo
|
|
Empire
|
|
698–926 AD
|
|
Balhae Empire
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
7th–19th centuries AD
|
|
Bruneian Empire
|
|
Thăng Long
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
938–1400 AD / 1428–1804 AD
|
|
Đại Việt / Annam
|
|
Tây Đô
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1400–1407 AD
|
|
Đại Ngu
|
|
Butuan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1001–1521 AD
|
|
Butuan
|
|
Indrapura, Vijaya, Panduranga
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
192–1832 AD
|
|
Champa
|
|
Bhavapura, Isanapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
550–706 AD
|
|
Chenla
|
|
Urasoe
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1314–1429 AD
|
|
Chūzan
|
|
Dharmasraya, Muaro Jambi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1183–1347 AD
|
|
Dharmasraya
|
|
Ordu Baliq
|
|
Nomadic Confederacy
|
|
552–747 AD
|
|
Göktürk Khaganate
|
|
Nakijin
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1322–1466 AD
|
|
Hokuzan
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
1115–1254 AD
|
|
Great Jin
|
|
Various
|
|
Empire
|
|
660 BC–present day
|
|
Japan
|
|
Balasagun, Kashgar, Samarkand
|
|
Nomadic confederation
|
|
840–1212 AD
|
|
Kara-Khanid Khanate
|
|
Shangjing
|
|
Kingdom/Client
|
|
388–1211 AD
|
|
Khitan
|
|
Khotan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
56–1006 AD
|
|
Khotan
|
|
Kedah, Pattani
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
100–1516 AD
|
|
Langkasuka
|
|
Lavo, Ayodhaya
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
450–1388 AD
|
|
Lavo
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Confederation
|
|
1200–1569 AD
|
|
Madya-as
|
|
Maynila
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1500–1571 AD
|
|
Kingdom of Maynila
|
|
Jambi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
4th–13th centuries AD
|
|
Melayu
|
|
Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu
|
|
Empire
|
|
1206–1368 AD
|
|
Mongol Empire
|
|
Nanzan
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
13th century–1429 AD
|
|
Nanzan
|
|
Sri Ksetra
|
|
Federated City States
|
|
250 BC–1085 AD
|
|
Pyu
|
|
Shuri
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1429–1879 AD
|
|
Ryukyu
|
|
Gyeongju
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
55 BC–935 AD
|
|
Silla
|
|
Bianjing, Lin'an
|
|
Empire
|
|
960–1279 AD
|
|
Song Empire
|
|
Various
|
|
Sultanate/client
|
|
1405–1915 AD
|
|
Sulu
|
|
Pakuan Pajajaran, Kawali
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
669–1579 AD
|
|
Sunda
|
|
Chang'an, Luoyang
|
|
Empire
|
|
618–907 AD
|
|
Tang Empire
|
|
Lhasa, Pho brang
|
|
Empire
|
|
618–841 AD
|
|
Tibetan Empire
|
|
Thaton
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
300 BC–1085 AD
|
|
Thaton
|
|
Tondo
|
|
City State
|
|
900–1589 AD
|
|
Tondo Empire
|
|
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
512–930 AD
|
|
Usan
|
|
Khanbaliq
|
|
Nomadic Empire
|
|
1271–1368 AD
|
|
Yuan Empire
|
|
Longbian
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
544–603 AD
|
|
Vạn Xuân
|
|
Anuradhapura
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
377 BC–1017 AD
|
|
Anuradhapura
|
|
Aykudi
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
4th century BC–12th century AD
|
|
Ay
|
|
Gulbarga, Bidar
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1347–1527 AD
|
|
Bahmani
|
|
Chakhar Gutho
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
7th–17th centuries AD
|
|
Bumthang
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
12th century–1947 AD
|
|
Cochin
|
|
Vengi, Rajamundry
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
624–1129 AD
|
|
Eastern Chalukya
|
|
Delhi
|
|
Empire
|
|
1206-1526 AD
|
|
Delhi Sultanate
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
888–1949 AD
|
|
Garhwal
|
|
Various
|
|
Sultanate
|
|
879–1215 AD
|
|
Ghurid
|
|
Kannauj
|
|
Empire
|
|
650–1036 AD
|
|
Gurjara Pratihara Empire
|
|
Maragha, Tabriz, Soltaniyeh
|
|
Nomadic kingdom
|
|
1256–1335 AD
|
|
Ilkhanate
|
|
Jaisalmer
|
|
Principality
|
|
1156–1947 AD
|
|
Jaisalmer
|
|
Pragjyotishpur, Haruppeswara, Durjaya
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
350–1140 AD
|
|
Kamarupa
|
|
Kabul, Waihind
|
|
Kingdom/Empire
|
|
6th century–1026 AD
|
|
Kabul Shahi
|
|
Vallabhi
|
|
Empire
|
|
475–767 AD
|
|
Maitraka Empire
|
|
Kannauj
|
|
Empire
|
|
550–700 AD
|
|
Maukhari Empire
|
|
Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu
|
|
Empire
|
|
1206–1368 AD
|
|
Mongol Empire
|
|
Mysore, Srirangapatna
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1399–1947 AD
|
|
Mysore
|
|
Kanchi
|
|
Empire
|
|
250 BC–800 AD
|
|
Pallava Empire
|
|
Anuradhapura, Sigiriya, Polonnaruwa
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
377 BC–1310 AD
|
|
Rajarata
|
|
Sirmür
|
|
Principality
|
|
1095–1948 AD
|
|
Sirmoor
|
|
Lhasa, Pho brang
|
|
Empire
|
|
618–841 AD
|
|
Tibetan Empire
|
|
Dammascus, Harran
|
|
Empire (religious)
|
|
661–750 AD
|
|
Umayyad Caliphate
|
|
Kolar, Talakad
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
350–1000 AD
|
|
Western Ganga
|
|
Khanbaliq
|
|
Nomadic Empire
|
|
1271–1368 AD
|
|
Yuan Empire
|
|
Zeila, Dakkar, Harrar
|
|
Sultanate
|
|
1415–1559 AD
|
|
Adal
|
|
Mareeg, Qelafo, Mecca
|
|
Empire
|
|
13th–17th centuries AD
|
|
Ajuran Empire
|
|
Aksum
|
|
Empire
|
|
100–960 AD
|
|
Aksumite Empire
|
|
Soba
|
|
Empire
|
|
680–1504 AD
|
|
Alodia
|
|
Angoche, Moma
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1485–1910 AD
|
|
Angoche
|
|
Mbarara
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1478-1967 AD
|
|
Ankole
|
|
Benin City
|
|
Empire
|
|
1440–1897 AD
|
|
Benin Empire
|
|
Ngazargamu
|
|
Empire
|
|
1380–1893 AD
|
|
Bornu Empire
|
|
|
|
Tribal Kingdom
|
|
600 BC–8th century AD
|
|
Blemmyes
|
|
Addis Ababa
|
|
Empire
|
|
1137–1975 AD
|
|
Ethiopian Empire
|
|
Gao
|
|
Empire
|
|
9th century–1430 AD
|
|
Gao
|
|
Koumbi Saleh
|
|
Empire
|
|
400–1235 AD
|
|
Ghana Empire
|
|
Anyam-Godo
|
|
Empire
|
|
1490–1776 AD
|
|
Great Fulo
|
|
Sampa
|
|
State
|
|
1450-1895
|
|
Gyaaman
|
|
Linguere
|
|
Empire
|
|
1350–1549 AD
|
|
Jolof
|
|
Kansala
|
|
Empire
|
|
1537–1867 AD
|
|
Kaabu
|
|
Njimi
|
|
Empire
|
|
700–1387 AD
|
|
Kanem Empire
|
|
São Salvador
|
|
Kingdom/client
|
|
1390–1914 AD
|
|
Kongo
|
|
Dongola
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
340–1312 AD
|
|
Makuria
|
|
Niali, Kangaba
|
|
Empire
|
|
1230–1670 AD
|
|
Mali
|
|
Not specified
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1075–1220 AD
|
|
Mapungubwe
|
|
Debarwa
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1137-1879 AD
|
|
Medri Bahri
|
|
Zvongombe
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1430–1760 AD
|
|
Mutapa
|
|
Pachoras
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
350–650 AD
|
|
Nobatia
|
|
Igbo-Ukwu
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
948–1911 AD
|
|
Nri
|
|
Oyo-Ile
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1400–1905 AD
|
|
Oyo Empire
|
|
Fashoda
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
1490–1865 AD
|
|
Shilluk
|
|
Gao
|
|
Empire
|
|
1464–1591 AD
|
|
Songhai Empire
|
|
Tenochtitlan
|
|
Empire
|
|
1428–1521 AD
|
|
Aztec Empire
|
|
Tumebamba
|
|
Tribal Confederacy
|
|
500–1533 AD
|
|
Cañari
|
|
Various
|
|
Kingdom City States
|
|
2000 BC–900AD
|
|
Maya
|
|
Moche-Trujillo.
|
|
United Independent Polities
|
|
100–800 AD
|
|
Moche
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal chiefdoms
|
|
100 BC–800 AD
|
|
Nazca
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal chiefdoms
|
|
12th century BC–14th century AD
|
|
Pueblo
|
|
Teotihuacan
|
|
Empire
|
|
100 BC–8th century AD
|
|
Teotihuacan Empire
|
|
Tiwanaku
|
|
Empire
|
|
300–1000 AD
|
|
Tiwanakun Empire
|
|
Huari
|
|
Empire
|
|
500–1100 AD
|
|
Wari Empire
|
|
|
|
Kingdom City States
|
|
700 BC–1521 AD
|
|
Zapotec
|
|
Hunza and Bacatá
|
|
Tribal Confederacy
|
|
~1450–1540 AD
|
|
Muisca Confederation
|
|
Various
|
|
Tribal chiefdoms
|
|
2nd century BC-16th century AD
|
|
Tairona
|
|
