Statistics for Edexcel Politics 5. Conservatism and Liberalism

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This quiz has been taken 39 times
The average score is 6 of 20

Answer Stats

Question or Term	Answer	% Correct
A book written by Thomas Hobbes during the English Civil War arguing for an autocratic state to safeguard against the brutality and war of the 'state of nature' which would otherwise arise due to human imperfection	Leviathan	100%
The conservative belief that the elites present in naturally occurring hierarchies have a responsibility to the less powerful, as a father to his children	Paternalism or Noblesse Oblige	75%
The individual who viewed humans as fallible and imperfect, but also benign and benevolent, when framed by routine, familiarity, and religious principles	Michael Oakeshott (1901 - 1990)	67%
An important modern liberal, known for promoting the idea of equal opportunity, and a greater role for the state in improving economic equality	John Rawls (1921 - 2002)	60%
The view that society is very loose, consisting of autonomous individuals, as espoused by the new right but rejected by most conservatives	Atomism	50%
An American new right conservative who strongly advocated a small, libertarian state focussed only on order and security, governing over an atomist society, built by talented individuals, not ambitious governments	Ayn Rand (1905 - 1982)	50%
A modern liberal and founder of second-wave feminism who sought to emphasise equality of opportunity within a liberal constitutional framework, rejecting radical feminism and patriarchy	Betty Friedan (1921 - 2006)	50%
The popular conservative belief that decisions should be based on evidence gained through experience rather than theory, emphasising what is, rather than what should be	Empiricism	50%
The liberal idea in which everyone is given an equal chance to succeed and prosper, in opposition to equality of outcome	Equality of Opportunity	50%
That which liberalism believes is inherently rational, thus causing people to realise that consensus is how best to solve problems	Human Nature	50%
An English philosopher who was foundational to the development of developmental individualism, and who incorporated utilitarian thinking into classical liberal ideas	John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)	50%
That individual who might have proposed a system of voting in which those with a university education received two votes	John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)	50%
That ideology which views 'natural society' as being based on reason, natural rights such as to life and property, and individualism, which civilised society must embrace to encourage self reliance and prevent society becoming dysfunctional	Liberalism	50%
That ideology which is considered complex due to it being thought of in different and often opposing regards in different countries and by different people	Liberalism	50%
Where individual success is based on work and ability rather than inheritance, &c.	Meritocracy	50%
A branch of conservatism traced back to Benjamin Disraeli that placed greater emphasis on paternalism and national unity, embracing moderate welfarism and Keynesian economics	One-nation conservatism	50%
The conservative belief that society should be built upon and remain connected to the lessons and experience of the past	Tradition	50%
An English philosopher and founding father of classical liberalism, refuting the idea of a divine origin to the state, instead promoting one based on the rational and individualistic character of human nature	John Locke (1632 - 1704)	33%
A classical liberal idea of a state that reflects the concept of negative freedom by reducing state activities and their purview	Minimal State	33%
That branch of liberalism which developed against a background of worsening conditions and thus decreased freedoms for the poorest, believed to be as a result of free-market capitalism	Modern liberalism	33%
That which the state is often considered to be under liberal ideas	A necessary evil	0%
That which conservatives believe the state must hold strongly, as the feasibility of individual rights in entirely dependent upon law and order, which can only be provided by a state with such an attribute	Authority	0%
That which is closely associated with liberalism due to liberalism's emphasis on property as a representation of the individual in society, leading to a belief in free market trade and the 'trickle down' of wealth as being natural and rational	Capitalism	0%
That which conservatives are often sceptical of due to it promoting risk and innovation, while threatening excessive inequality, risking instability	Capitalism	0%
The fundamental principle of conservatism, that for something to be preserved, it has to be continuously updated and maintained	Change to Conserve	0%
A philosophy proffered by John Stuart Mill that focussed on individuals' potential within a framework of education, individual liberty, and freedom of expression	Developmental Individualism	0%
John Rawl's idea that in a just society, people can enjoy as much freedom as possible provided it wasn't exercised at the expense of others, and difference in economic outcome is kept to a minimum	Difference Principle	0%
The earliest branch of liberalism, placing the highest value on individual rights and freedoms, as espoused by John Locke and the Enlightenment	Early classical liberalism	0%
The individual who viewed humans as fallible and flawed, though - through their communal nature - also capable of altruism and kindness, if only they would learn from history, tradition, and the Church	Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797)	0%
A Whig MP and supporter of the American Revolution, held as the founder of conservatism, who argued for pragmatism over idealism	Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797)	0%
The classical liberal idea that humans are naturally interested in their own advancement and happiness, though prevented from being outright selfish due to rationalism	Egotistical Individualism	0%
A state that intervenes to better allow people to reach their potential	Enabling State	0%
Those two ideologies which causes one-nation conservatism to further embrace unity, paternalism, welfarism, and a mixed economy after the First World War in alphabetical order	Fascism and Socialism	0%
The liberal idea of the equality held by people from birth, in that there are no inherited hierarchies, &c.	Foundational or Legal Equality	0%
Where elites decide what is best for non-elites regardless of the latter's wants	Hard Paternalism	0%
John Stuart Mill's exception to the liberal principle of tolerance, that power can rightfully be exercised against someone's will to prevent harm to others	Harm Principle	0%
A later classical liberal who advocated social Darwinism as a way to develop a self-sufficient society unencumbered by those incapable of self help whose existence might encourage potentially greater state interference	Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)	0%
That which conservatives believe the ruling class should be, often in the form of a possibly hereditary aristocracy, comprised of those born and trained to rule, legislating only where necessary to maintain order and social cohesion	Hierarchy	0%
A German Enlightenment philosopher who argued for individualism over collectivism and a rational foundation to morals and ethics	Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)	0%
An aspect of the conservative tenet of human imperfection, that holds that humans have limited mental powers of reasoning, making tradition, history, and practical experience a valuable guide and mold	Intellectual Imperfection	0%
Those two significant later classical liberals besides John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer, in alphabetical order	Jeremy Bentham and Samuel Smiles	0%
That held important within conservatism due to it providing a religious-moral basis for binding individuals and curbing human imperfections	Judaeo-Christian Morality	0%
A nineteenth century development of liberalism closely associated with John Stuart Mill that advocated developmental individualism, negative freedom, and self help	Later classical liberalism	0%
That branch of liberalism which found its roots in the structural changes to society wrought by industrialisation, urbanisation, and the development of democracy and socialism	Later classical liberalism	0%
That, the six core principles of which are; individualism, freedom, minimal state interference, rationalism, equality, and liberal democracy	Liberalism	0%
That, the three principles of which are; limited constitutional government, the dispersal and separation of powers, and formal equality	Liberal State	0%
The four sometimes incompatible core values of conservatism in alphabetical order	Libertarianism, Paternalism, Pragmatism, and Tradition	0%
The conservative belief in a society composed of a collection of smaller communities providing people with security while limiting selfishness and individualism	Localism	0%
An English philosopher who argued for formal and foundational equality and formal education to enhance society's collective human capital and protect the principles of the Enlightenment	Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 - 1797)	0%
A theory linked to the writings of John Locke that mankind is inherently rational and therefore capable of developing a state based on reason that reflects mankind's needs	Mechanistic Theory	0%
One of the 20th century's most important conservative philosophers, believing pragmatism, empiricism, and a state that would 'prevent the bad rather than create the good' as being core to a succesful society	Michael Oakeshott (1901 - 1990)	0%
That which conservative Harold Macmillan suggested finding between socialism and capitalism in order to unify the nation in the interwar period	Middle Way	0%
A libertarian principle akin to the 'night-watchman state' that only exceeds anarchism in that it seeks a government that provides citizens with a military, police force, and courts, though nothing more	Minarchism	0%
A twentieth century development of liberalism which countenanced greater state intervention to protect the vulnerable members of society by promoting positive freedom and a more collectivist system	Modern liberalism	0%
An aspect of the conservative tenet of human imperfection that holds that humans are naturally selfish and avaricious, leading to antisocial and criminal behaviour unless controlled by a strong system of law and order	Moral Imperfection	0%
That concept which was embraced by one-nation conservatives in the mid-to-late 19th century so as to use it as a unifying force between classes, as opposed to the destabilising effects of class identity, &c.	Nation	0%
The conservative belief in which cultural boundaries are representative of political boundaries	Nation-state	0%
An idea argued by John Stuart Mill that people should have freedom from interference by others	Negative Freedom	0%
A philosophy associated with Irving Kristol and Roger Scruton that seeks a restoration of authority, national identity, and Judaeo-Christian morality, characterised by anti-permissive social policies	Neo-conservatism	0%
A philosophy associated with Friedrich von Hayek and Milton Friedman that proposed an extension of individual freedoms by reducing the size and purview of the state, and creating a free market economy	Neo-liberalism	0%
A branch of conservatism, ascendant in the 1970's and 80's that mixed neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism, both balancing out and complementing their purported contradictions	New Right conservatism	0%
That which came to the fore in the 1970's and 80's as a response to perceived one-nation conservative failings as reflected in growing inflation, unemployment, crime, welfare spending, trade union militancy, and 'moral laxity'	New Right Conservatism	0%
Those conservatives who embraced capitalism in the belief that it would increase economic prosperity, allowing for more investment in the police force, courts, and military, thereby enhancing order and security	New right conservatives	0%
The subjective declaration and claim of how things ought to be and what is good, bad, right, or wrong	Normativity	0%
Ayn Rand's philosophy of rationalism and ethics that among other things intensely embraces full free market capitalism, individualism, and strict libertarianism	Objectivism	0%
The conservative view that society develops gradually like a plant, the growth of which can often not be predicted or planned	Organicism	0%
A term used to describe conservatism due to its pessimistic view of human nature as being fundamentally flawed	Philosophy of Imperfection	0%
The idea that people should have the freedom to fulfill their own potential and pursue their own ends	Positive Freedom	0%
The belief of which conservatives are sceptical, that society must always advance to a superior future condition	Progressivism	0%
That which is considered central to conservatism due to it providing continuity and stability through inheritance and giving people a stake in the maintenance of the existing society	Property	0%
An aspect of the conservative tenet of human imperfection, that holds that humans naturally crave security and safety, placing more importance on social order than on individual liberty	Psychological Imperfection	0%
The liberal idea that people are capable of reason and logic and thus debate and discussion are superior in guiding people's interests compared to edicts from above	Rationalism	0%
A 1790 book by Edmund Burke written in strong opposition to the French Revolution and its ideals, arguing that tradition and empiricism are the antidote to tyranny	Reflections on the Revolution in France	0%
That event which helped birth conservatism by somewhat discrediting the Enlightenment monopoly on political thought	Reign of Terror	0%
That form of government championed by John Stuart Mill, though only under the conditions arising from the establishment of universal education	Representative Democracy	0%
A new right conservative and libertarian, who advocated a minarchist state which would be as small as possible, only enforcing laws, and allowing people to live generally how they wish	Robert Nozick (1938 - 2002)	0%
That theory which - in liberal terms - proposes that people should accept the state's rulings in exchange for it improving their situation, an 'agreement' which if broken by the state, gives the people the right to overthrow it	Social Contract	0%
The theory of state legitimacy that individuals rationally consent whether explicitly or tacitly to surrender some freedoms to the authority of the state in exchange for social order and the protection of remaining rights, popularised by Thomas Hobbes	Social Contract Theory	0%
A belief proffered by Herbert Spencer and some other later classical liberals in the inevitable occurrence of a social form of natural selection in which the state should not interfere	Social Darwinism	0%
The modern liberal idea of justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within society	Social Justice	0%
A modern liberal view of tolerance characterised by the criminalisation of some forms of discrimination and the use of positive discrimination/affirmative action	Social liberalism	0%
Where elites decide what is best for non-elites, though by listening to the wants of said non-elites, perhaps via a consultation process	Soft Paternalism	0%
Those two historical events in which liberalism found its roots, in chronological order	The Reformation and the Enlightenment	0%
That which liberals believe should find its origins in arbitrating between the competing demands of individuals, preventing anyone's rights from being infringed upon by another	The State	0%
That which conservatives believe should find its origin in a gradual, organic, and pragmatic development in response to humanity's needs rather than by contract which often results in idealism and normativism	The State	0%
The individual who viewed humans as naturally individualistic, competitive, and selfish, though also coldly rational, allowing the potential for such issues to be mitigated	Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679)	0%
An English political thinker who is often seen as a conservative philosopher, believing that without an autocratic state, life would be 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'	Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679)	0%
The oldest branch of conservatism, established under Edmund Burke in response to the French Revolution, which emphasised pragmatism, empiricism, organicism, tradition, and paternalistic hierarchies	Traditional conservatism	0%
Those conservatives who adapted capitalism to conform to their beliefs by engaging in state intervention in the form of protectionism and Keynesian economic management	Traditional Conservatives	0%
Those two countries in which the idea of the nation-state differs from that of continental Europeans in that the nation and the state are intertwined rather than the nation being the the basis for the state	UK and USA	0%