Statistics for Edexcel Politics 9. US Politics: Democracy and Participation

Click here to take the quiz!

General Stats
Answer Stats
Score Distribution
Your Score History

General Stats

This quiz has been taken 26 times
The average score is 9 of 20

Answer Stats

Question or Term	Answer	% Correct
Those two racial groups which are more inclined to support the Democratic Party over the Republican Party, alphabetically	African Americans, Hispanics	100%
The socially conservative evangelical Protestant Southern states which largely support the Republicans	Bible Belt	100%
That body the vote of which is announced by votes being sent to the Vice President who then counts and announces them before Congress unless there is no absolute majority in which case the House and Senate elect the President and Vice President respectively on an absolute majority as last occurred in 1824	Electoral College	100%
Where a state schedules its presidential primaries and caucuses earlier in the nomination cycle in an attempt to increase its influence, with 32 states (down from 42 in 2008) doing so in 2016 as the parties tried to encourage greater deliberation	Front Loading	100%
A strong relationship between pressure groups, the relevant congressional committees, and the relevant government department, which attempts to achieve mutually beneficial policy outcomes	Iron Triangle	100%
That group that as of 2018 had a membership of 5.5 million (representing about 20% of US gun owners) and revenue of $412 million	National Rifle Association	100%
Those which function similarly in the UK and USA as they both dedicate significant resources to grassroots activity and are reliant on membership size, money, public opinion, sympathetic attitudes amongst those being lobbied, and media exposure	Pressure Groups	100%
A state based election to choose a party's candidate for the presidency, being used in 34 states in 2016 (28 solely) and demonstrating popular support for candidates	Presidential Primary	33%
That election in which the spoiler effect most clearly played out, with the Greens' Ralph Nader preventing Al Gore from winning Florida and New Hampshire	2000	0%
The two most recent cases of a total of four elections in which the loser of the popular vote won in the Electoral College	2000, and 2016	0%
A boycott of the NRA in February 2018 in the aftermath of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and its support for arming teachers leading to many firms disaffiliating from the organisation	2018 NRA Boycott	0%
The year in which $3.47bn dollars (only accounting for that which must be disclosed under federal law, i.e. not grassroots lobbying) was spent on lobbying	2019	0%
The voter age at which more people started supporting Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton	40	0%
The percentage of conservatives (35% of all voters) who voted Republican in 2016	81%	0%
The percentage of liberals (26% of all voters) who voted Demcoratic in 2016	84%	0%
The percentage of the popular vote that was for Republicans or Democrats in 2004, 2008, and 2012, dropping to 94% in 2016, but increasing from 81% in 1992	99%	0%
The largest federation of unions (55) in the USA representing more than 12 million individuals, campaigning for progressive policies in the form of lobbying and get-out-the-vote campaigns, closely associated with civil rights and the Democratic Party	American Federation of Labour and Congress of Industrial Organisations	0%
The only two independent Senators as of February 2020 - though both caucus with the Democrats - representing Maine and Vermont respectively	Angus King and Bernie Sanders	0%
That article of the Constitution which clarified presidential nominations by stating that States will appoint electors proportionate in number to each State's Senators and Representatives, whom will meet and cast their ballot to determine the State's nominee	Article II	0%
That strategy for choosing a vice-presidential candidate of which alternative strategies are; potential in government, based on executive and legislative experience such as George W. Bush choosing Dick Cheney, or party-unity in the form of choosing their former rival such as Reagan choosing George H. W. Bush	Balanced Ticket	0%
A pairing of presidential and vice-presidential candidates on a ticket who attract support for different reasons, thereby making the broadest appeal to voters such as with Obama and Biden	Balanced Ticket	0%
Those two recent presidents who successfully harnessed the media during the invisible primary, chronologically	Barack Obama and Donald Trump	0%
The twelve states which do not nearly always vote for the same party and in which candidates spend most campaigning time and money, such as Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and North Carolina	Battleground States	0%
A 2002 bipartisan act which banned the raising of soft money by national party committees and restricted political advertising expenditure by corporate and labour organisations amonst other things	Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act	0%
The multiethnic, less practicising religious, wealthy, liberal, and urban Democratic support base which believes in strong federal intervention and tax increased, is pro-choice, pro-gun control, pro-same-sex marriage, and pro-Obamacare, and listens to CNN	Blue America	0%
A 25 person declining Congressional Caucus comprising the core of the conservative faction in the Democratic Party, often more conservative on issues such as gun-control and religion, supporting bipartisanship	Blue Dog Coalition	0%
A 1993 act that mandated federal background checks on firearm purchasers, strongly opposed by the NRA	Brady Bill	0%
A national party convention in which no candidate achieves enough delegates during the primaries and caucuses for an absolute majority on the first ballot, with delegates voting in subsequent ballots as free agents until one is achieved, last occurring in 1952, though considered possible by Republicans in 2016	Brokered Convention	0%
That last West Coast state to be won by a Republican president (in 1998)	California	0%
The religious group which has increasingly wavered towards the Republicans, having once strongly supported the Democrats	Catholics	0%
Those in which more ideological candidates such as Bernie Sanders perform well as turnout is low, often consisting of only the most ideological members	Caucuses	0%
Pressure groups that campaign for a particular cause or issue, such as single-issue/interest groups, ideological groups, policy groups, and think tanks	Causal Groups	0%
Socially conservative Christian groups closely linked to Protestant evangelicals, seeking cultural and social changes favouring 'family values', pro-life policies, parental rights, and prayer in public schools	Christian Right	0%
A primary in which only a person registered with the party can vote for one of those party's candidates, used in 12 states such as New York and Florida	Closed Primary	0%
That body which pressure groups try to influence by lobbying members and committees, organising constituents to engage in email and phone campaigns, publicising voting records, and endorsing candidates	Congress	0%
That body which is especially conducive to pressure group activity as committees are autonomous, party discipline is weak, and power is decentralised providing many access point	Congress	0%
Those bodies that are the primary focus of pressure groups lobbying Congress, focussing on such bodies' chairs and members, thus gaining a role in the legislative process, enhanced due to the small membership of such bodies and that members often contact lobbyists for information	Congressional Committees	0%
The electoral system used in Maine and Nebraska which awards presidential candidates votes on the basis of their performance in each congressional district, criticised as a reform of the Electoral College as it produced disproportionate results where candidates win districts with large margins which would have seen Mitt Romney win in 2012 on a minority	Congressional District System	0%
A 98 person growing Congressional Caucus comprising the core of the liberal faction of the Democratic Party, supporting more government involvement in achieving social justice via health, education, welfare, and progressive taxation, some identifying Obama as a part of the faction	Congressional Progressive Caucus	0%
Where people registered to one party vote in the primary of the other, either due to genuine support for a candidate or to promote a weaker opponent against their party's candidate	Cross-Over Voting	0%
That which parties are sometimes said to be in as they no longer select presidential candidates, politicians now communicate with voters via television rather than party rallies, while voters communicate with politicians via opinion polls and political movements such as Occupy and the Tea Party, Trump and Sanders both describing their campaigns as movements largely ouside a party	Decline	0%
That party in which the current conflict is over how to recover from its losses, whether that be by becoming more radical as represented by Bernie Sanders or Elizabeth Warren, or through moderation as represented by Joe Biden	Democratic Party	0%
That party which between 2009 and 2017 lost the presidency, 10 Senate seats, 61 House seats, 13 state governorships, and 30 out of their 61 of a total of 98 partisan state legislatures	Democratic Party	0%
That party which can be divided into three main factions; liberals, moderates, and conservatives	Democratic Party	0%
The party which Donald Trump identified with between 2001 and 2007, being a friend of the Clintons	Democratic Party	0%
Those 2016 primaries in which the polls indicated more of an anti-establishment v establishment agenda rather than ideological battle	Democratic Primaries	0%
Those two bodies in which 44% of people saw no discernible difference in 1972, decreasing to 19% 2012, having accelerated after 2000, alphabetically	Democrats and Republicans	0%
The relationship between religious attendance and voting Republican	Direct	0%
Those that the strengths and weaknesses of compared to the Electoral College are that those who lost the popular vote could not become president, though absolute majorities would be less likely, necessitating further timely and costly runoff elections, meanwhile such a constitutional amendment would be unlikely to receive two thirds support in both chambers of Congress	Direct Election	0%
The only US President to have had no prior political or military experience	Donald Trump	0%
The individual whose core support base consisted of white males without a college education	Donald Trump	0%
That individual the principal conflict within the Republican Party has been whether to unite around or not	Donald Trump	0%
That President who defied many rules of thumb in the televised presidential debates such as style over substance, and costly verbal gaffes, to little consequences	Donald Trump	0%
That individual the election of whom to the presidency is seen by some as a weakening of the party system as though running as a Republic he was largely independent of party affiliation	Donald Trump	0%
A procedure in 34 states permitting some form of voting in advance of election day, increasing utilised by voters, reaching around a third of all votes cast and thus reducing the potential impact of an October surprise	Early Voting	0%
That which affected the 2016 election in that college graduates and postgraduates supported Hillary Clinton (58% and 49%), the largest gap since 1980	Education	0%
An institution consisting of 538 electors who cast their ballots - though not necessarily in line with the popular vote - for the president in their state capitals, as established by the founding fathers	Electoral College	0%
That the strengths of which are that it preserves the voice of the small states and is more likely to produce absolute majorities, something the popular vote has done in only three of the last seven elections	Electoral College	0%
That body with 538 electors due to being equal to representation in Congress (435 representatives + 100 Senators + 3 for the District of Columbia), 270 being needed for an absolute majority	Electoral College	0%
That the weaknesses of which are that small states are over-represented, the winner take-all system distorts results by producing absolute majorities out of pluralities or even popular defeats, it much reduced third party and independent representation, rogue electors can slight distort results, and an absence of an absolute majority can see Congress elect a President and Vice-President from different parties	Electoral College	0%
A theory that political power rests with small groups who gain power through wealth, family status, or intellectual superiority	Elitism	0%
A women's rights pressure group that supports female candidates in the early stages of the election process	EMILY's List	0%
That religious group which is more inclined to support the Republican Party over the Democratic Party, being around 25% of the population	Evangelical Christians	0%
The small minority of electors in the Electoral College who cast their ballots for a candidate other than the one who won the popular vote in their state	Faithless Electors	0%
A 1974 post-Watergate act to regulate campaign finance by limiting private and group contributions, establishing expenditure limits, requiring openness about funding sources, and allowing for federal funding to match that raised by candidates as well as the creation of political action committees (PACs)	Federal Election Campaign Act	0%
That act in which there were loopholes, namely that soft money allowed for alternative and unlimited donations towards campaigns, while the Supreme Court ruled the act did not pertain to the candidate's own money	Federal Election Campaign Act	0%
That over which the Republicans and Democrats often more notably differ, the Democrats favouring increasing it and the Republicans decreasing it	Federal Government Intervention	0%
Campaign organisation offices spread throughout the country largely to encourage voting, used much more by Hillary Clinton than Donald Trump, the latter focusing on better funding his close organisation staff	Field Offices	0%
The 32 person Congressional Caucus comprising the core of the fiscal conservative faction of the Republic Party, supporting economic liberalism and libertarianism, and opposing compromise with the Democrats, many faction leaders being close to Trump	Freedom Caucus	0%
That timing based primary election practice used by California in 2012 and 2020 but not in 2016	Front Loading	0%
The gap between the support given to a candidate by men and by women, particularly pronounced in 2016 with a 13% lead by women over men for Hillary Clinton and an 11% lead by men over women for Trump, slightly higher than in previous elections	Gender Gap	0%
The fifth stage of the presidential election	General Election Campaign	0%
An independent candidate who won 45 Electoral College votes on 13.5% of the popular vote due to this support being concentrated in the South	George Wallace	0%
A UK campaigner who brought cases against the government in the Supreme Court regarding Article 50 and the proroguing of Parliament	Gina Miller	0%
The two most significant minor parties, alphabetically	Greens and Libertarians	0%
The only independent member of the House of Representatives as of February 2020 - though he caucuses with the Democrats - representing the Northern Mariana Islands	Gregorio Sablan	0%
A 1968 act that limited trade in and ownership of firearms, causing the NRA to become politically active, lobbying conservative members of Congress for more relaxed gun regulations	Gun Control Act	0%
The individual considered by all impartial measures and marginally by voters as the winner of the three 2016 televised presidential debates	Hillary Clinton	0%
Those two individuals whose campaigns differed in that the former raised more money, mostly from individuals (71%), many being big donors, as well as 28% from Super PACs, whereas the latter raised less, mostly from individuals (42%), many being small donors, and Super PACs, though 23% was raised from his own money	Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump	0%
A collectively held set of ideas and beliefs, debateable as to whether this is applicable to US parties which are broad and differ widely across the country	Ideology	0%
That individual who usually wins a presidential election (when standing), thus dissuading some potentially strong challengers from standing, the only three modern examples not to do so (Ford, Carter, and H. W. Bush) all having faced internal opposition and generally failing economies	Incumbent	0%
Those for whom the televised presidential debates are often more difficult as they have a record to defend, expectations of them are high, and they often haven't debated since the last election	Incumbent	0%
That stage of the presidential election in which there was no correlation between funds raised by Republican candidates in 2016 and their success in the primaries, Donald Trump placing third in the amount raised (fifth excluding his personal contributions) and Ben Carson whom raised the most, winning no primaries	Invisible Primary	0%
That stage of the presidential election in which, since 1972, the Republican front-runner has become the party's nominee seven out of eight times, but the Democratic front-runner has become the party's nominee only five out of nine times	Invisible Primary	0%
That the most 'visible' parts of which are opinion polls, media interviews and televised debates, the latter being criticised for not including much serious policy debate, partly due to the large number of candidates as occurred with the Republican debates in 2016	Invisible Primary	0%
The first stage of the presidential election comprising the period between presidential candidates declaring an intention to run for the presidency and the first primaries and caucuses, in which candidates seek crucial money, public support, and good media coverage	Invisible Primary	0%
Those states in which winning the caucuses and primaries holds the benefit of increased confidence, leading to media coverage, greater financial backing, and a boost in the opinion polls as happened with Obama over Clinton in 2008 after winning the former, alphabetically	Iowa and New Hampshire	0%
The first caucuses, often seen as a bellwether for the general election, voting for the winning candidate in six of the last seven elections and all Democratic nominee since 1992, though the Republican nominee only twice	Iowa Caucuses	0%
That the problems with which are that it causes exclusionary sub-governments to form, facilitates revolving-door syndrome, and may serve to enhance minority interests above those of the majority	Iron Triangle	0%
That religious group comprising 2% of the population which often supports the Democrats over the Republicans in addition to those without religious affiliation	Jews	0%
That which pressure groups try to influence by intervening in Supreme Court nominations, elections of judges, and court cases such as by the American Bar Association evaluating Supreme Court nominees or as in cases such as District of Columbia v Heller in which the NRA played a significant role	Judiciary	0%
Examples of a national and permanent third party, and a regional and temporary third party	Libertarians and American Independent Party	0%
Examples of an ideological third party and an issue-based third party	Libertarians and Greens	0%
Those unique, active, and registered, who were numbered at 11,862 in 2019, down from a peak of 14,823 in 2007	Lobbyists	0%
The two states that do not given all their electoral college voters to the winner of the popular vote, alphabetically	Maine and Nebraska	0%
Federal money given to presidential candidates who met certain criteria and agreed to certain limitations, being the main source of funding from 1976 to 2008, since when no major candidate has signed up	Matching Funds	0%
The commission established by the Democrats after their 1968 presidential election defeat which recommended reforms to the presidential nomination and election process away from elite state party conventions to presidential primaries	McGovern Fraser Commission	0%
That commission the benefits to the presidential nomination process since which are that participation has increased as has the number and thus choice of candidates, newcomers and outsiders such as Obama and Trump can emerge as candidates, and the exertion of the campaign can help demonstrate fitness for the job	McGovern Fraser Commission	0%
That commission the weaknesses to the presidential nomination process since which are that voter apathy remains high (especially under incumbents), voters are unrepresentative of the population, the process is long (increasing from under 2 months to nearly a year) and expensive, it is dominated by a media unconcerned with policy, often leader to bitter rivalries between candidates, has no peer-review, and can be skewed by super-delegates (Democrats)	McGovern Fraser Commission	0%
The last president not from one of the two major parties, serving from 1850 to 1853 as a Whig	Millard Fillmore	0%
The only Republican Senator who voted to convict Trump in his Senate impeachment Trial in February 2020	Mitt Romney	0%
That individual who overtook Barack Obama's formerly comfortable lead in the polls (though to little effect on election day) as a result of his much better performance in the first 2012 televised presidential debate	Mitt Romney	0%
The faction of the Republic Party that, although somewhat fiscally conservative, is often socially liberal, being ready to compromise with the Democrats	Moderate Republicans	0%
Those three regions which are more inclined to support the Republican Party (Red States), alphabetically	Mountains, Plains, and South	0%
That the informal and salient functions of which are to promote party unity (unsuccessful in the Republicans in 2016), enthuse campaigners and ordinary voters for the coming election (the latter via television), achieve a post-convention bounce, and introduce rising starts like Senator Obama of Iowa in 2004	National Party Convention	0%
That the formal functions of which are to choose the presidential and vice-presidential candidates, and decide the party platform, all now obsolete or of little consequence	National Party Convention	0%
The meeting held every four years in the summer by each of the two major parties attended by delegates, to select (practically confirm) presidential and vice-presidential candidates, and agree the party platform, being the fourth stage of the presidential election	National Party Convention	0%
An agreement currently adopted by fifteen states and the District of Columbia constituting 196 Electoral College votes to award all their votes to the winner of the popular vote, being activated when its signatories constitute an absolute majority of Electoral College votes	National Popular Vote Interstate Compact	0%
That group which in a 2015 poll had a 77% favourability rating among conservatives, 56% among moderates, and 33% among liberals	National Rifle Association	0%
An interest group that seeks to protect Second Amendment rights by lobbying Congress to oppose federal action related to regulating guns or investigating gun-related violence, closely associated with the Republicans, endorsing Trump in 2016	National Rifle Association	0%
A 103 person growing Congressional Caucus comprising the core of the moderate Democrats, supporting economic growth, a balanced budget, and some 'necessary' limitations on civil liberties, Bill Clinton often being identified as part of the faction	New Democrat Coalition	0%
The first primaries, seen as crucial in winning the nomination as with Trump - though not with Bill Clinton (1992), George W. Bush (2000), or Barack Obama (2008) - as well as gauging how much candidates meet, beat, or fall short of expectations	New Hampshire Primaries	0%
The number of state governors that are not Republicans or Democrats as of February 2020	None	0%
The only US region with a declining proportion of the population	Northeast	0%
Those two regions which are more inclined to support the Democratic Party (Blue States), alphabetically	Northeast, West Coast	0%
A pro-democracy anti-inequality political movement formed in the wake of the financial crisis, helping to inform and educate people as well as reframe the debate on the economy, though to little legislative effect	Occupy Movement	0%
An event occurring very late in the presidential election campaign to one candidate's disadvantage, leaving them with little or no time to recover as with the FBI's 2016 reopening of the investigation into Hillary Clinton's emails	October Surprise	0%
The swing state which has voted for every winner since 1964	Ohio	0%
A primary in which any registered voter can vote in either party's primary, used in 11 states, such as Georgia and Vermont, criticised for allowing cross-over voting	Open Primary	0%
Those which are facing renewed importance as for politicians to be successful they must at least be nominally part of one, while they have also launched successful national campaigns gaining votes, and partisanship has increased	Parties	0%
A policy document put together over six months by a party's national committee with public input, debated, though mostly rubber stamped (to present an appearance of disunity) by the National Party Convention, containing little of consequence, with even less affect on the subsequent administration	Party Platform	0%
The judgement of one's colleagues or equals to determine qualification or fitness for a role, not present in primaries with voters having little knowledge or experience of what is necessary for a person to be a successful president	Peer Review	0%
A theory that political power does not rest simply with the electorate of the governing elite but is distributed among groups representing widely different interests, being a theoretical basis for pressure group activity	Pluralism	0%
Causal pressure groups concerned with influencing a specific policy area by putting pressure on politicians and government such as the League of Conservation Voters (LCV)	Policy Groups	0%
A political committee that - subject to being legally registered - raises limited amounts of money and spends these contributions on helping elect or defeat candidates	Political Action Committees	0%
That which Trump's battle in the 2016 Republican primaries was considered to be rather than ideological	Populist	0%
The change (usually +6% (+1% for Trump)) in opinion polls for the presidential candidate subsequent to their national televised acceptance speech on the final night of the national party convention	Post-Convention Bounce	0%
That office, nominees and candidates to, are advantaged by having endorsement by one of the two main parties, large financial backing, being married, having an effectively organised team, having sound and relevant policies, and having oratorical skills and political experience	Presidency	0%
That office the Constitution stipulates the holder of must be a natural born US citizen of 35 years of age and above whom has resided within the US for at least fourteen years	President	0%
Those two individuals the televised presidential debate between whom was the only one to have a clear impact, thanks largely to the questions posed to the audience in the challenger's closing statement, alphabetically	President Carter and Governor Reagan	0%
A state based series of meetings to choose a party's candidate for the presidency, being used in 16 states in 2016 (10 used solely) and being less representative, with low turnout	Presidential Caucuses	0%
Those campaigns which receive most of their funding from candidates, parties, individuals, businesses, and interest groups	Presidential Election Campaigns	0%
Those campaigns in which most money is spent on publicity and advertising on television and cable (as well as social media in Trump's case), travelling (especially to swing states), and funding a large campaign team	Presidential Election Campaigns	0%
That process proposed improvements to which include weighting votes in favour of those cast by elected politicians, allowing candidates to select their own delegates, having regional primaries (i.e. the South voting all on one day), etc.	Presidential Nomination Process	0%
They which use methods such as electioneering (founding PACs or Super PACs), endorsing candidates, lobbying and informing politicians, providing voting cues to politicians, drawing up scorecards depending on how politicians voted, and organising grassroots activities	Pressure Groups	0%
Those which function differently in the UK compared to the USA as a large proportion are trade unions with direct links to the Labour Party, and lobbying is aimed mostly at the executive (though this is diversifying with the newly assertive Supreme Court and House of Lords)	Pressure Groups	0%
Those the problems of which include; revolving-door syndrome, the iron triangle, groups being unelected and unequal (i.e. the NRA is much more powerful than Handgun Control Inc.), groups enhancing special interests without regard to the majority, groups atomising society, buying influence, and sometimes turning to violence with direct action	Pressure Groups	0%
Those the principal functions of which are; representative, educational/informative, to provide an outlet for political participation, to build influence and promote agenda, and to scrutinise government, perhaps challenging it legally as did the ACLU against Trump's 'Muslim Ban'	Pressure Groups	0%
Those the benefit of which is that they inform and educate legislators, bureaucrats, and the public, act as a sounding board to legislation, broaden representation, participation, and minority interests, increase scrutiny and accountability, aggregate views into cohesive and coherent policy ideas, and enhance freedom of speech and of association	Pressure Groups	0%
Those that have seen much activity in areas such as environmental protection, women's rights, pro-choice and pro-life campaigns, gun control, and economic inequality	Pressure Groups	0%
Those which function differently in the USA compared to the UK as lobbying is aimed mostly at Congress though also notably at the judiciary more than in the UK	Pressure Groups	0%
Those which are often less contested under an incumbent president except where the president is unpopular within the party in which case they may be more contested as occurred with George H. W. Bush, much damaging him in the subsequent election	Primaries	0%
Those which are criticised as a way of selecting presidential candidates as what it takes to win them does not necessarily translate into what it takes to be a good president	Primaries	0%
The second stage of the presidential election	Primaries and Caucuses	0%
Sectional pressure groups organised to promote the interest of a profession or business such as the American Bar Association	Professional Groups	0%
Presidential primaries in which delegates are awarded to the candidates in proportion to the votes they get above a certain threshold, used in all Democrat and most Republican primaries	Proportional Primaries	0%
That which affected the 2016 election in that white voters favoured Trump (57%) while black voters, Latinos, Asians, and others favoured Hillary Clinton (89%, 66%, 65%, and 56%), a slight Republican improvement since 2012, especially regards African Americans	Race	0%
White working-class voters, mostly in the Midwest and Northeast, employed in blue collar jobs who had been traditional Democrats but supported Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Trump	Reagan Democrats	0%
The white, Christian (overwhelmingly Protestant though including Catholics), wealth, conservative, rural or suburban Republican support base which believes in limited government, is pro-life, pro-gun, and pro-traditional marriage, opposes Obamacare, and listens to Fox News and the likes of Rush Limbaugh	Red America	0%
Those groups that are often the target of most lobbyist activity within the executive	Regulatory Commissions	0%
That which affected the 2016 election in that Protestants and non-Hispanic Catholics favoured Trump (56% and 50%) while Jews, those of other religions, and those with no religion supported Clinton (71%, 62%, and 67%) as did Hispanic Catholics, a Republican improvement on 2012	Religion	0%
That party which small towns and rural communities are more inclined to support (61% in 2016)	Republican Party	0%
That party often supported by non-college graduates	Republican Party	0%
That party which white people and socially conservative Catholic Hispanics are more inclined to support	Republican Party	0%
That party men are more inclined to support (52%)	Republican Party	0%
That party which can be divided into four main factions; social conservatives (Christian right), fiscal conservatives (Tea Party), compassionate conservatives (George W. Bush), and moderates, the last of these dwindling in number	Republican Party	0%
The practice of former members of Congress or the executive taking up well-paid jobs in Washington-based lobbying firms, after their year-long ban on doing so has elapsed, using their expertise and contacts to lobby their previous institution	Revolving-Door Syndrome	0%
That the problems with which are that lawmakers may be assisting certain groups' interests to guarantee employment after leaving or losing office, and may be exploiting their relationships in office for profitable gain	Revolving-Door Syndrome	0%
An independent who won 19% of the vote in 1992 though not electoral college votes due to the dispersed nature of his support	Ross Perot	0%
The nine declining formerly industrial Midwestern and Great Lakes states of which Trump won seven in 2016, including four won by Obama in 2008 and 2012	Rust Belt	0%
A 2012 even which caused much negative publicity for the NRA	Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting	0%
Pressure groups that represent the common interest of their members (trade unions, business groups, etc.) such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) or the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organisations (AFL-CIO)	Sectional Groups	0%
That group the types of which are; business/trade groups, labour unions and agricultural groups, professional groups, and intergovernmental groups, the last of which lobbies one level of government on behalf of another such as the National Governor's Conference	Sectional Groups	0%
The two pools from which most presidential nominees are drawn, comprising 19 of 22 candidates from the two main parties in 2016, alphabetically	Senators, and State Governors	0%
An environmental organisation formed in 1892 which lobbies for environmental and wildlife protection, endorsing Hillary Clinton in 2016 and opposing Trump's border wall	Sierra Club	0%
Causal pressure groups that are concerned with a specific limited issue such as the NRA or American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)	Single-Issue Groups	0%
A dominant Republican faction much rooted in the Christian Right, opposed to abortion and same-sex marriage, supporting tighter immigration controls, and a significant minority of which deny anthropogenic climate change, with members such as former Senator and presidential candidate Rick Santorum	Social Conservatives	0%
Money donated to political parties rather than candidates so as to avoid campaign finance limitations, parties being allowed to raise money for get-out-the-vote drives, 'party-building' activities, and voter registration since 1979	Soft Money	0%
Those types of difference between pressure groups in the UK and USA in the form of the US having many more elections, less party discipline, a more significant judiciary, and a much more decentralised system, with the UK government being much more powerful	Structural Differences	0%
People automatically appointed as uncommitted delegates to the Democratic National Party Convention by virtue of being an elected politician or senior party official, able to choose independently for whom they vote (though only in a brokered convention since 2018)	Super Delegates	0%
Political committees - formed after the removal of expenditure limitations on corporate and labour organisations by Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (2010) - that make independent expenditures but are forbidden from making campaign contributions	Super PACs	0%
A Tuesday in February or early March when a number of states coincide their presidential primaries and caucuses in an effort to gain influence in the candidate selection process	Super Tuesday	0%
States in which the outcome of the presidential election is unclear	Swing States	0%
Those of which four are held during a presidential election, three 90 minute presidential debates, and one 90 minute vice-presidential debate	Televised Presidential Debates	0%
Those that have taken the form of roundtable discussions, direct audience questions, press questions, and moderated debates	Televised Presidential Debates	0%
Those the rule of thumb of which is that style if often more important than substance (as with Bush's politeness over Gore's arrogance in 2000), verbal gaffes can be costly, good sound bites are helpful (as with Clinton questioning Gore's 'outdated' ideas rather than his age), and they are often more difficult for incumbents	Televised Presidential Debates	0%
Those parties whose electoral success is harmed by first past the post, the high number of signatures needed to run under some states' ballot access laws, a lack of resources and media exposure (usually being excluded from the televised debates), and co-optation of popular policies by the major parties	Third Parties	0%
Those which are effective in that they can cause major parties to adopt/co-opt their popular policies as with Ross Perot, and can influence close elections as in 2000	Third Parties	0%
That in primaries which is most determined by demographics (age, education, etc.), the type of primary, how competitive the race is, and whether the nomination has already been decided by prior primaries in other states	Turnout	0%
That in primaries which is higher when there is no incumbent candidate (being only 14.5% in 2012), and has increased from 11% of the voting age population in 1968 to 29% in 2016	Turnout	0%
That at general elections the trend in which had been downward from 1960 to 1996 after which it increased from 51.4% to 62.3% in 2008, dropping again to 54% in 2016	Turnout	0%
The number of times since the Civil War that a two-term president has been succeeded by a president from the same party, the most recent being Ronald Reagan's succession by George H. W. Bush	Two	0%
That which some have argued does not exist as the parties are loose and disparate, being centred on the states due to federalism, while the parties don't so much alternate control as fight over it due to divided government	Two-Party System	0%
That in the US which is caused by first past the post, the broad all-encompasing ideological nature of the parties, and a reduced need to protest voting due to primaries making the major parties responsive to the electorate	Two Party System	0%
A party system in which two major parties regularly win the vast majority of votes, capture nearly all of the seats in the legislature and alternately control the executive	Two-Party System	0%
That office the candidate for which has been announced since 1984 by Democrats and 1996 by Republicans by the presidential candidate announcing their choice a few days or weeks ahead of the national party convention as opposed to during it, serving as the third stage of the presidential election	Vice President	0%
Presidential primaries used by some Republican primaries in which whoever gets the most votes wins all that state's delegates, as with Arizona for Trump in 2016	Winner-Take-All Primaries	0%
That demographic often attracted to the Democrats over issues such as abortion, defence, law and order, gun control, and women's rights	Women	0%