APWH Unit 4 Vocab

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic; used for long voyages at great speed from 15th to 17th centuries; used for exploration, not trade

A large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) in the 14th to the 17th century

Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade; designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency; used from 16th to 17th centuries

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa; sponsored seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east; imported enslaved Africans via the sea

Portuguese explorer; in 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples; practiced by Europeans in the Indian Ocean as they took over trade from Arab and Muslim merchants

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; colonies were crucial in the accumulation of wealth

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; the best example would be smallpox

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person; the form of slavery utilized in the Americas during the trans-Atlantic slave trade

Economic system in Inca society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; later exploited by the Spanish as they forced Incas to mine silver

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination; before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1900 most indentured laborers were Asians

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations; they often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land; this continued even into the 20th century

A company made up of a group of shareholders; each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts; used by European rulers to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to Indian Ocean colonies

Also known as voodoo, it's a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Roman Catholic Christianity; evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas

Originating in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Christian beliefs

Paintings that show the racial mixing of a family; shows the hierarchy of society

Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, and economic status

Spanish-born settlers who came to Latin America; ruled as the highest social class in the Spanish New World

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

A slave rebellion led by Nat Turner that took place in Virginia in 1831; one example of slave resistance challenging existing authorities in the Americas

A British joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism; this company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years

Government, Dutch-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies

A three-way system of trade during 1600-1800s whereby Africa sent slaves to the Americas, the Americas sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa in exchange for slaves

Staple crop brought to the New World by Europeans; grew more successfully in Caribbean climates and triggered the growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains

Staple crop brought to the new world by Africans; grown in warmer, wetter climates like the lower 13 colonies and the Caribbean

African kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade

Was in the basin of the Congo river; conglomeration of several village alliances; it participated actively in trade networks; most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms; ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders.

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences; sought to limit disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive trade policies

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, but began to restrict trade by the mid 15th century; sought to limit trade with European powers in the Indian Ocean trade networks; accepted silver as the lone currency for trade which led to massive inflation

Traders that continued to flourish and thrive in Indian Ocean trade despite the presence of Europeans by the late 15th century

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608; found financial success in the fur trade; New France fell to the British in 1763

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies; known for its horrendous and dehumanizing conditions

Established with Cortes's defeat of the Aztecs in 1521; organized using labor systems like the encomienda that exploited Native American labor; found incredible wealth with the discovery of massive silver deposits

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru; executed by the Spanish by strangulation

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire

The discovery of rich silver deposits in Bolivia and Japan created new sources of wealth for the Europeans; Spanish America produced 85% of the world's silver and through its trade established the first link between Asia and the Americas; Much silver ended up in China, resulting in inflation for the Ming Dynasty

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century, particularly in modern-day New Mexico against Spanish missionaries; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.

17th century queen of Ndongo (Angola) who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689 in England, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange at the behest of Parliament; demonstrated the resistance of Parliament against perceived royal abuses of power

An institutional system in the Ottoman Empire; land in exchange for military service; the value of land would be based upon rank and the amount of soldiers provided, not passed on to children