Hint
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Answer
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Determines if an object belongs to a system
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Elements of the system
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Objects
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Parts of the system
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Static viewpoint
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Basic functions performed by the parts
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Functional viewpoint
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Four parts of a Control System
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Control Object, detector, comparator, effector
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Three types of objects
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Inputs, processes, outputs
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Three types of inputs
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Serial, probable, feedback
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Three types of outputs
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Consumed by other systems, consumed by focal system, waste
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Three types of relationships
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Symbiotic, synergistic, redundant
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Two types of attributes
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Defining, accompanying
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Three degrees of change
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Stable, dynamic, turbulent
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Output of prior system becomes input
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Serial
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Output from multiple prior systems is selected
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Probable
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Input came from current system
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Feedback
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Current system
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Focal system
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Result of systems operations
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Purpose for which systems exist
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Output
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Bonds between objects
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Relationships
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Systems cannot function alone
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Symbiotic
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Systems work together at higher efficiency
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Duplicate existing systems as a backup
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Redundant
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Properties of both objects and relationships which show qualitative features
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Attributes
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Essential to the identity of the object or relationship
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Defining
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Not essential towards identity of object or relationship
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Accompanying
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Outside focal system, not controllable by focal system
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Environment
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West Churchman's environmental determination Question 1
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Is the factor system relevant?
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West Churchman's environmental determination Question 2
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Is the factor system controllable?
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Implies the ability to make an object do as you desire
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Control
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Ability to exert pressure on decision-makers without guaranteed results
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Influence
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Structurally and functionally complete
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Whole
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Characteristics of System Complexity 1
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Number of elements
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Characteristics of System Complexity 2
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Characteristics of System Complexity 3
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Interactions among elements
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Characteristics of System Complexity 4
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Degree of organization
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Reassembly of parts previously broken down
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Synthesis
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Examination of the whole and how a system functions in a goal directed manner with its environment
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Systems Approach
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Systems that are larger than and contain the focal system
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Suprasystems
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Systems smaller than and contained by focal systems
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Subsystems
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Used on system components within the system boundary
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Control Theory
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A control subsystem must be at least as complex as the system it is trying to control
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Ashby's Law of Requisite Variety
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A real goal requires all other goals to be sacrificed
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Churchman's Principle of Primacy
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Deviation amplifying
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Positive feedback
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Deviation counteracting
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Negative feedback
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Condition of a system
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State/level
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Factors that alter conditions and rate of alternation
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Rates
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Factor to be controlled
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Control Object / variable
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Senses state of control object
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Detector
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Compares condition and determines if corrective action is necessary
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Comparator
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Subsystem that takes corrective action
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Effector
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Focused on achieving effectiveness and efficiency
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Mechanistic Organization
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Focused on achieving adaptability
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Organic Organizations
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Used on factors outside the system boundary
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Environmental Scanning
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Two modes of Environmental Scanning
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Passive (surveillance), active (search)
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Taking notice of information that is found without a goal
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Viewing
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Taking notice of information that is found with a goal
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Monitoring
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Seeking info about a topic with a goal
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Investigating
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Structured approach to address carefully defined problem or info needed
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Research
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