Statistics for Language (9)

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General Stats

This quiz has been taken 3 times
The average score is 19 of 35

Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
4. Acquisition: how do people ___ languages?	learn	100%
Making inferences: people infer ___ that extends beyond the wording of a sentence	meaning	100%
2. Speech production: how do people ___ language?	produce	100%
2. Morphemes: ___ units of language that have a definable ___ or a grammatical function, e.g. truck is a morpheme and bedroom consists of two, endings such as "s" and "ed" also morphemes	smallest, meaning	100%
Research fields: 1. Comprehension: how do people ___ spoken and written language?	understand	100%
Words in a sentence can affect processing of ___ sentences (the spy saw the man with the binoculars vs. the bird saw the man with the binoculars)	ambiguous	50%
Making predictions based on knowledge of language constructions (Classic Study): participants read sentences by seeing one word at a time on a screen, to view the next word the participants had to push the space bar, ambiguous vs. unambigious, words in ___ sentences took longer to read but after repitition, the ambiguity effect ___	ambiguous, vanished	50%
Causal inference: inferences that the events described in one sentence were ___ by the events that occurred in a ___ sentence ("Sharon took an aspirin. Her headache went away")	caused, previous	50%
Language is a system of ___ using sounds or symbols that enables us to ___ our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences	communication, express	50%
Syntactic Priming: when two people exchange statements in a ___, it is common for them to use ___ ___ constructions	conversation, similar, grammatical	50%
Temporary ambiguity can be caused by ___ and can be changed by ___	expectations, experience	50%
Making predictions based on world knowledge (Classic Study): people had to complete ___ sentences, most people responded with the same word due to the meaning of the sentences and the ___ regarding the context	incomplete, knowledge	50%
Speech segmentation: ___ words are perceived in spoken sentences even though there are usually no ___ between words in the speech stimulus	individual, breaks	50%
Semantics: the ___ of words and sentences	meanings	50%
3. Representation: how is language represented in the ___ and in the ___?	mind, brain	50%
Classic Study: recording of eye ___ while reading sentences with high- or low-___ target words, results showed that readers looked at ___-frequency words about 40ms longer than ___-frequency words --> readers needed more time to access the ___ of the low-frequency words	movements, frequency, low, high, meaning	50%
Common ground: the speakers' ___ knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions	mutual	50%
Anaphoric inference: inferences that connect an ___ or ___ in one sentence to an ___ or ___ in another sentence ("Rififi won the dog show. She has now won 3 shows.", we infer that "she" refers to Rififi)	object, person, object, person	50%
The word frequency effect: our ___ experiences with words influences our ability to access their ___	past, meaning	50%
The phonemic restoration effect: phonemes are ___ in speech even when the sound of the phenome is ___ up by an extranous noise, top-down	perceived, covered	50%
How perceiving sounds and letters is affected by meaning (Classic Study): participants listened to a recording of a sentence where one phenome was ___ with the sound of a cough, participants could later not identify the correct ___ of the cough, did not notice that the phenome was missing	replaced, position	50%
Situation model: a mental ___ of what a ___ is about	representation, situation	50%
Syntax: the ___ for combining words into sentences	rules	50%
Components of words: 1. Phonemes; ___ segment of speech that, if changed, changes the ___ of a word, refers to sounds not letters	shortest, meaning	50%
Mental representation as simulations: person ___ the ___ and ___ characteristics of the objcets and actions in a story	simulates, perceptual, motor	50%
People's conversation in waiting room was recorded, were presented with recordings of ___ words taken out of their own conversation, could only identify half the words --> ability to perceive words in conversations is aided by the ___ provided by the words and sentences that make up the conversation	single, context	50%
Classic Study: participants had to ___ 16 cards with NY buildings in groups of two in three trials, on each successive trial participants needed ___ words to sort the pictures --> established common ground, high percentage of name references were used when both participants were NY residents	sort, fewer	50%
The Given-New Contract states that a ___ should construct sentences so that they include two kinds of information: given information (information that the listener ___ knows) and new information ---> ___ information in first sentence becomes ___ information in second sentence	speaker, already, new, given	50%
Semantics and syntax are affected by damage to different brain areas: damage in the Broca area affects ___ and damage in the Wernicke area affects ___ ---> processed by different brain areas	syntax, semantics	50%
Instrument inference: inferences about ___ or ___ ("William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while we has sitting at his desk", we infer from our knowledge that he was using a quil pen, not a laptop)	tools, methods	50%
Information in ___ scene can affect processing of an ambiguous sentence	visual	50%
Word superiority effect: more rapid processing of letters within a ___, letters in words are not processed one by one but each letter is affected by the ___ within which it appears, FORK vs. RFOK	word, context	50%
Lexical ambiguity: the existence of ___ word meanings, some with higher ___, comprehension depends on context	multiple, frequency	0%
Classic Study: participants read a sentence that describes a situation involving an object (bird flying away), next they should indicate as quickly as possible whether a picture ___ the object mentioned in the sentence, reaction times were ___ when the picture matched the ___ described in the sentence (bird sitting vs. bird flying)	shows, faster, situation	0%
Interactionist approach to parsing: the idea that information provided by both ___ and ___ is taken into account ___ as we read or listen to a sentence, active role of the reader who is continuously ___ what words will come up next	syntax, semantics, simultaneously, anticipating	0%