Hint
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Answer
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Language is a system of ___ using sounds or symbols that enables us to ___ our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences
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communication, express
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Research fields: 1. Comprehension: how do people ___ spoken and written language?
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understand
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2. Speech production: how do people ___ language?
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produce
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3. Representation: how is language represented in the ___ and in the ___?
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mind, brain
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4. Acquisition: how do people ___ languages?
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learn
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Components of words: 1. Phonemes; ___ segment of speech that, if changed, changes the ___ of a word, refers to sounds not letters
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shortest, meaning
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2. Morphemes: ___ units of language that have a definable ___ or a grammatical function, e.g. truck is a morpheme and bedroom consists of two, endings such as "s" and "ed" also morphemes
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smallest, meaning
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The phonemic restoration effect: phonemes are ___ in speech even when the sound of the phenome is ___ up by an extranous noise, top-down
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perceived, covered
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How perceiving sounds and letters is affected by meaning (Classic Study): participants listened to a recording of a sentence where one phenome was ___ with the sound of a cough, participants could later not identify the correct ___ of the cough, did not notice that the phenome was missing
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replaced, position
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People's conversation in waiting room was recorded, were presented with recordings of ___ words taken out of their own conversation, could only identify half the words --> ability to perceive words in conversations is aided by the ___ provided by the words and sentences that make up the conversation
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single, context
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Speech segmentation: ___ words are perceived in spoken sentences even though there are usually no ___ between words in the speech stimulus
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individual, breaks
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Word superiority effect: more rapid processing of letters within a ___, letters in words are not processed one by one but each letter is affected by the ___ within which it appears, FORK vs. RFOK
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word, context
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The word frequency effect: our ___ experiences with words influences our ability to access their ___
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past, meaning
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Classic Study: recording of eye ___ while reading sentences with high- or low-___ target words, results showed that readers looked at ___-frequency words about 40ms longer than ___-frequency words --> readers needed more time to access the ___ of the low-frequency words
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movements, frequency, low, high, meaning
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Lexical ambiguity: the existence of ___ word meanings, some with higher ___, comprehension depends on context
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multiple, frequency
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Semantics: the ___ of words and sentences
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meanings
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Syntax: the ___ for combining words into sentences
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rules
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Semantics and syntax are affected by damage to different brain areas: damage in the Broca area affects ___ and damage in the Wernicke area affects ___ ---> processed by different brain areas
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syntax, semantics
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Hint
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Answer
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Interactionist approach to parsing: the idea that information provided by both ___ and ___ is taken into account ___ as we read or listen to a sentence, active role of the reader who is continuously ___ what words will come up next
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syntax, semantics, simultaneously, anticipating
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Words in a sentence can affect processing of ___ sentences (the spy saw the man with the binoculars vs. the bird saw the man with the binoculars)
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ambiguous
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Making predictions based on world knowledge (Classic Study): people had to complete ___ sentences, most people responded with the same word due to the meaning of the sentences and the ___ regarding the context
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incomplete, knowledge
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Information in ___ scene can affect processing of an ambiguous sentence
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visual
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Making predictions based on knowledge of language constructions (Classic Study): participants read sentences by seeing one word at a time on a screen, to view the next word the participants had to push the space bar, ambiguous vs. unambigious, words in ___ sentences took longer to read but after repitition, the ambiguity effect ___
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ambiguous, vanished
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Temporary ambiguity can be caused by ___ and can be changed by ___
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expectations, experience
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Making inferences: people infer ___ that extends beyond the wording of a sentence
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meaning
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Anaphoric inference: inferences that connect an ___ or ___ in one sentence to an ___ or ___ in another sentence ("Rififi won the dog show. She has now won 3 shows.", we infer that "she" refers to Rififi)
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object, person, object, person
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Instrument inference: inferences about ___ or ___ ("William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while we has sitting at his desk", we infer from our knowledge that he was using a quil pen, not a laptop)
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tools, methods
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Causal inference: inferences that the events described in one sentence were ___ by the events that occurred in a ___ sentence ("Sharon took an aspirin. Her headache went away")
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caused, previous
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Situation model: a mental ___ of what a ___ is about
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representation, situation
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Mental representation as simulations: person ___ the ___ and ___ characteristics of the objcets and actions in a story
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simulates, perceptual, motor
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Classic Study: participants read a sentence that describes a situation involving an object (bird flying away), next they should indicate as quickly as possible whether a picture ___ the object mentioned in the sentence, reaction times were ___ when the picture matched the ___ described in the sentence (bird sitting vs. bird flying)
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shows, faster, situation
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The Given-New Contract states that a ___ should construct sentences so that they include two kinds of information: given information (information that the listener ___ knows) and new information ---> ___ information in first sentence becomes ___ information in second sentence
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speaker, already, new, given
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Common ground: the speakers' ___ knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions
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mutual
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Classic Study: participants had to ___ 16 cards with NY buildings in groups of two in three trials, on each successive trial participants needed ___ words to sort the pictures --> established common ground, high percentage of name references were used when both participants were NY residents
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sort, fewer
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Syntactic Priming: when two people exchange statements in a ___, it is common for them to use ___ ___ constructions
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conversation, similar, grammatical
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