hint
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answer
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this infection of the eyelid leads to a painful bump
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hordeolum (stye)
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orbital cellulitis is most commonly caused by initial infection of the
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ethmoid sinus
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cholesteatoma may form following frequent AOM, leading to overgrowth of this type of cell
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squamous epithelium
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Compared to uncomplicated otitis externa, malignant otitis externa presents with this additional symptom and facial nerve involvement
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Pain with chewing
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Syndesmophytes bridging across multiple vertebrae is also known as this sign on xray seen in ankylosing spondylitis
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Bamboo spine
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Which HLA complex is associated with rheumatoid arthritis
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HLA-DR4
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causes of horizontal nystagmus (5)
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BPPV, meniere's, vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis, cholesteatoma
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causes of vertical nystagmus (5)
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multiple sclerosis, vestibular neuroma, migraine, CVD, tumor
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horizontal nystagmus usually indicates ____ causes of vertigo
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peripheral
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vertical nystagmus usually indicates ____ causes of vertigo
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central
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causes of pendular nystagmus (2)
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multiple sclerosis, brainstem stroke
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causes of peripheral vision loss (2)
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glaucoma, retinal detachment
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causes of central vision loss
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macular degeneration, cataracts
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causes of painless vision loss (5)
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open angle glaucoma, macular degeneration, retinal detachment, retinal vascular occlusion, cataracts
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causes of painful vision loss (2)
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closed angle glaucoma, optic neuritis
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causes of unilateral vision loss (5)
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closed angle glaucoma, optic neuritis, retinal detachment, retinal vascular occlusion, amaurosis fugax
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causes of bilateral vision loss (3)
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open angle glaucoma, macular degeneration, cataracts
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causes decrease in color vision
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optic neuritis
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causes marcus gunn pupil
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retinal vascular occlusion
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first line for chronic glaucoma
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latanoprost
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