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EOSC Definitions (Fragile System, Extinctions & Impacts)

Define these terms.
Quiz by mskp
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Last updated: January 27, 2023
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First submittedJanuary 18, 2023
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Sensible Heat
measurable
Latent Heat
hidden in chemical bonds
Return Period
average number of years
between disasters
Hazard
human harm
 
economic harm
Vulnerability
affectable weakness
Risk
hazard x vulnerability
Stratigraphy
study of layers of rock
Chronostratigraphy
time
Lithostratigraphy
rock type
Biostratigraphy
fossils
Chemostratigraphy
chemistry
Uniformitarianism
same natural laws
The Law of Superposition
younger rocks on top
The Principle of Original Horizontality
rocks originally flat
The Principle of Lateral Continuity
rocks align laterally
The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
younger rocks cut through
Unconformity
no rock evidence
Faults
offset rock layers
Faunal Succession
fossils change
Index Fossils Def
ideal fossil species
so they are ...
common
 
widespread
 
short range
 
good fossilization environment
Fossil Range
time a species existed
Adaptive Radiation
rapid diversification
Background Extinction Rate
5-10
Mass Extinction Def
30% extinct
 
many ecosystems
 
quickly
which is this many years ...
one million
Causes of Mass Extinctions - Biological
competition
 
predation
 
pathogens
Causes of Mass Extinctions - Plate Tectonics
climate
 
sea level
 
supercontinents
meaning that ...
biodiversity drops
Causes of Mass Extinctions - Climate Change
volcanism
which actually means ...
flood basalts
Ice at Poles
icehouse climate
No Ice at Poles
greenhouse climate
Causes of Mass Extinctions - Extraterrestrial Events
asteroid impacts
 
gamma ray bursts
 
galactic cycles
Clathrate
solid crystal
 
contains methane
in ...
deep sea sediments.
Iridium Anomaly
300x background levels
suggested ...
10 km asteroid
Fern Spores
colonize burned areas
Tektites
glass particles from melting rocks
Shocked Quartz
fractured rock
 
from seismic waves
Suevite
unmelted fractured rock
Evaporites
minerals left after evaporation
Meteoroids
small rocks
Meteors
entering atmosphere
Meteorites
survives entry
Asteroids
> 1m meteoroids
Bolides
explodes in atmosphere
Comets
rock with ice
 
if heated then has tail
Asteroid Belt (where?)
between mars and jupiter
Kuiper Belt
bigger asteroid belt
what?
mostly ices
Oort Cloud (where?)
edge of solar system
what?
probably mostly ices
Shoemaker's Hypothesis
sudden geological changes
 
use geological timescale
 
impact craters are circular
and ...
have certain materials
Raup & Sepkoski's Hypothesis
25 ma cycle
from ...
gravitational disruption in the oort cloud
1
nemesis
 
no evidence
2
planet 9
 
no evidence
3
moving through galactic plane
4
coincidence
 
nasa thinks so
NEO
near earth object
Spaceguard Survey
identifies, catalogues, studies NEOs
NEO Surveyor Spacecraft
survey for hazardous asteroid
 
launch in 2026
DART
double asteroid redirection test
 
alter asteroid's orbit
 
works
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