Context
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Person
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In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when ... inherited the crowns of England and Ireland
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James VI and I
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In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, with the execution of ...
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Charles I
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In the 18th century, cabinet government developed under ... in practice the first prime minister
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Robert Walpole
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Following the Indian Rebellion in 1857, the British government led by ... assumed direct rule over India
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Lord Palmerston
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The 1884 Reform Act championed by ... granted suffrage to a majority of males for the first time
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William Gladstone
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By the late 19th century, the Conservatives under ... initiated a period of imperial expansion in Africa
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Benjamin Disraeli
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By the late 19th century, the Conservatives under ... initiated a period of imperial expansion in Africa
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Lord Salisbury
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Under the leadership of ... the British Empire reached its greatest extent
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David Lloyd George
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Strikes in the mid-1920s culminated in the General Strike of 1926, which ended in a victory for the government led by ...
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Stanley Baldwin
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... became prime minister and head of a coalition government in 1940
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Winston Churchill
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In the immediate post-war years, the Labour government under ... initiated a radical programme of reforms
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Clement Attlee
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The Conservative government of the 1980s led by ... initiated a radical policy of monetarism, deregulation, the sale of state-owned companies
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Margaret Thatcher
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Britain's military deployment in Iraq saw the largest protest in British history demonstrating in opposition to the government led by ...
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Tony Blair
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On 8 September 2022 ... the longest-living and longest-reigning British monarch, died at the age of 96
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Elizabeth II
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Upon the Queen's death, her eldest child ... acceded to the British throne
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Charles III
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The current Prime Minister, as of October 2022, is ... leader of the Conservative Party
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Rishi Sunak
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The current Scottish Government is a Scottish National Party and Scottish Greens coalition, led by First Minister ... leader of the Scottish National Party
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Humza Yousaf
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The current Welsh Government is Labour, led by First Minister ... who has been the First Minister since 2018
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Mark Drakeford
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Major theorists from the 17th and 18th centuries include ... whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone of modern science
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Isaac Newton
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From the 19th century ... whose theory of evolution by natural selection was fundamental to the development of modern biology
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Charles Darwin
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From the 19th century ... who formulated classical electromagnetic theory
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James Clerk Maxwell
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More recently ... who advanced major theories in the fields of cosmology, quantum gravity and the investigation of black holes
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Stephen Hawking
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The English playwright and poet ... is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time
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William Shakespeare
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The 20th-century English crime writer ... is the best-selling novelist of all time
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Agatha Christie
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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George Eliot
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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Virginia Woolf
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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Charlotte Brontë
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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Emily Brontë
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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Mary Shelley
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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Jane Austen
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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Doris Lessing
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Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by ...
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Zadie Smith
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Scotland's contributions include ...
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Arthur Conan Doyle
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Scotland's contributions include ...
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Sir Walter Scott
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Scotland's contributions include ...
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J. M. Barrie
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Scotland's contributions include ...
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Robert Louis Stevenson
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Scotland's contributions include ...
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Robert Burns
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More recently ... contributed to the Scottish Renaissance
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Hugh MacDiarmid
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More recently ... contributed to the Scottish Renaissance
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Neil M. Gunn
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With grimmer works from ...
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Ian Rankin
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With grimmer works from ...
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Iain Banks
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Welsh literature includes Britain's oldest known poem, Y Gododdin, which contains the earliest known reference to ...
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King Arthur
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The Arthurian legend was further developed by ...
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Geoffrey of Monmouth
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Poet ... is regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age
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Dafydd ap Gwilym
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... is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing Rhys Lewis in 1885
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Daniel Owen
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The best-known of the Anglo-Welsh poets are ...
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Dylan Thomas
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The best-known of the Anglo-Welsh poets are ...
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R. S. Thomas
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Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include ...
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Richard Llewellyn
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Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include ...
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Kate Roberts
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Irish writers, living at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, include ...
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Oscar Wilde
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Irish writers, living at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, include ...
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Bram Stoker
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Irish writers, living at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, include ...
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George Bernard Shaw
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There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including ...
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Joseph Conrad
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There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including ...
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T. S. Eliot
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There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including ...
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Kazuo Ishiguro
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There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including ...
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Salman Rushdie
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There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including ...
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Ezra Pound
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The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are ...
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John Locke
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The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are ...
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George Berkeley
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The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are ...
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David Hume
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... were major exponents of the Scottish "common sense" school
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Dugald Stewart
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... were major exponents of the Scottish "common sense" school
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Thomas Reid
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... were major exponents of the Scottish "common sense" school
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William Hamilton
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Two Britons are also notable for the ethical theory of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy first used by ...
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Jeremy Bentham
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Two Britons are also notable for the ethical theory of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy later used by ... in his short work Utilitarianism
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John Stuart Mill
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Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the Tudor period, with masses, madrigals and lute music by ...
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Thomas Tallis
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Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the Tudor period, with masses, madrigals and lute music by ...
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John Taverner
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Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the Tudor period, with masses, madrigals and lute music by ...
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William Byrd
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Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the Tudor period, with masses, madrigals and lute music by ...
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Orlando Gibbons
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Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the Tudor period, with masses, madrigals and lute music by ...
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John Dowland
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After the Stuart Restoration, an English tradition of dramatic masques, anthems and airs became established, led by ...
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Henry Purcell
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After the Stuart Restoration, an English tradition of dramatic masques, anthems and airs became established, followed by ...
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Thomas Arne
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The German-born composer ... became a naturalised British citizen in 1727
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George Frideric Handel
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When he composed the anthem Zadok the Priest for the coronation of ...
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George II
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In the second half of the 19th century, as ... wrote their popular Savoy operas
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Arthur Sullivan
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In the second half of the 19th century, as ... wrote their popular Savoy operas
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W. S. Gilbert
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... wide range of music rivalled that of his contemporaries on the continent
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Edward Elgar
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Increasingly, however, composers became inspired by the English countryside and its folk music, notably ...
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Gustav Holst
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Increasingly, however, composers became inspired by the English countryside and its folk music, notably ...
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Ralph Vaughan Williams
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Increasingly, however, composers became inspired by the English countryside and its folk music, notably ...
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Benjamin Britten
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Among the many post-war composers, some of the most notable have made their own personal choice of musical identity: ...
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Peter Maxwell Davies
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Among the many post-war composers, some of the most notable have made their own personal choice of musical identity: ...
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Harrison Birtwistle
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Among the many post-war composers, some of the most notable have made their own personal choice of musical identity: ...
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John Tavener
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The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including ...
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Stormzy
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The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including ...
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Kano
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The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including ...
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Yxng Bane
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The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including ...
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Ramz
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The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including ...
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Little Simz
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The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including ...
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Skepta
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Other prominent British contributors to have influenced popular music over the last 50 years include ...
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Elton John
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Some of the British recipients of the Outstanding Contribution to Music award include ...
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David Bowie
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Some of the British recipients of the Outstanding Contribution to Music award include ...
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Eric Clapton
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Some of the British recipients of the Outstanding Contribution to Music award include ...
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Rod Stewart
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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George Michael
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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Robbie Williams
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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Amy Winehouse
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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Susan Boyle
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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Adele
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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Ed Sheeran
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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Lewis Capaldi
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More recent UK music acts that have had international success include ...
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Harry Styles
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Influential UK dance acts include ...
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Sub Focus
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Influential UK dance acts include ...
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Calvin Harris
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Major British artists include: the Romantics ...
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William Blake
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Major British artists include: the Romantics ...
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John Constable
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Major British artists include: the Romantics ...
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Samuel Palmer
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Major British artists include: the Romantics ...
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J. M. W. Turner
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The portrait painters ...
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Joshua Reynolds
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The portrait painters ...
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Lucian Freud
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The landscape artists ...
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Thomas Gainsborough
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The landscape artists ...
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L. S. Lowry
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The pioneer of the Arts and Crafts Movement ...
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William Morris
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The figurative painter ...
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Francis Bacon
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The Pop artists ...
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Peter Blake
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The Pop artists ...
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Richard Hamilton
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The Pop artists ...
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David Hockney
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The collaborative duo ...
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Gilbert Prousch
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The collaborative duo ...
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George Passmore
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The abstract artist ...
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Howard Hodgkin
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The sculptors ...
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Antony Gormley
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The sculptors ...
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Anish Kapoor
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The sculptors ...
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Henry Moore
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During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "Young British Artists": ...
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Damien Hirst
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During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "Young British Artists": ...
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Chris Ofili
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During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "Young British Artists": ...
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Rachel Whiteread
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During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "Young British Artists": ...
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Tracey Emin
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During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "Young British Artists": ...
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Mark Wallinger
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During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "Young British Artists": ...
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Steve McQueen
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During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "Young British Artists": ...
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Sam Taylor-Johnson
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The British director ..., whose film Vertigo is considered by some critics as the best film of all time
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Alfred Hitchcock
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The British director ... is among the most critically acclaimed of all time
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David Lean
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The Football Association is the oldest of its kind, with the rules of football first drafted in 1863 by ...
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Ebenezer Cobb Morley
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The flag of the United Kingdom was created in 1606 by the superimposition of the flag of England, representing ...
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Saint George
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The flag of Scotland, representing ...
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Saint Andrew
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