Statistics for Edexcel Politics 8. US Politics: President and Supreme Court

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Answer Stats

Question or Term	Answer	% Correct
That the benefits of which are that it increased three-fold the enrollment of black students at university and has sped up the move to racial representativeness in universities	Affirmative Action	100%
The President whose cabinet was the most racially diverse in history	Barack Obama	100%
That president whom, with the end of the Cold War, re-orientated foreign policy towards humanitarian intervention such as in Bosnia and Somalia	Bill Clinton	100%
A 2000 Supreme Court case which declared the Florida recount unconstitutional under the equal protection clause and time constraints, effectively handing the presidency to George W. Bush, and undermining popular trust in the independence of the judiciary	Bush v Gore	100%
That body the members of which are usually drawn from serving or former members of Congress, serving or former state governors, big city mayors, and top universities, due to their knowledge and/or policy experience	Cabinet	100%
An agreement between the President and a foreign country on matters that do not require a formal treaty, thereby controversially bypassing the Senate, such as Clinton's North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	Executive Agreement	100%
An official document issued by the executive branch with the effect of law through which the President directs federal officials to take certain actions, reaching peak usage under Franklin D. Roosevelt	Executive Order	100%
That group the number of whom increase from 3.5 million in 1990 to 12.2 million in 2007, leading to much rhetoric from President Donald Trump	Illegal Immigrants	100%
An 1803 Supreme Court case in which, for the first time, the court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional	Marbury v Madison	100%
The two Supreme Court justices nominated by President Trump as of January 2020, chronologically	Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh	100%
That office which can be checked by - in addition to Congress and the Supreme Court - the media, pressure groups like the National Rifle Association, and the federal bureaucracy	Presidency	100%
That office which 36 holders have acceded to having been elected, 8 on the death of the incumbent (in 4 cases by assassination), and 1 on the resignation of the incumbent	Presidency	100%
A formal power of the President to excuse people the legal consequences for their actions	Presidential Pardon	100%
That, the two methods of which are persuasion through perks and persuasion through people	Presidential Persuasion	100%
That body which politicises appointments to the Supreme Court by focussing on scandal and rumour such as by rabidly chasing sexual assault allegations against Clarence Thomas and Brett Kavanaugh	Press	100%
That body which Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution provides shall comprise members nominated by the President subject to a simple majority ratification by the Senate	Supreme Court	100%
That which has been called an 'echo chamber of the views of earlier decades' by lieu of its members generally outliving their appointers political life due to life tenure	Supreme Court	100%
A 1965 Johnson era act that overturned Jim Crow laws, opening the door for black voter registration, part of which was declared unconstitutional in Shelby County v Holder	Voting Rights Act	100%
That President who struggled to achieve much domestically as he was often hampered by congressional opposition and the Supreme Court, such as over his Affordable Care Act, immigration reform, and his use of executive orders	Barack Obama	67%
That body which if a member of Congress is to enter, they must retire or give up their seat, such as did Jeff Sessions from the Senate in 2017 to become Attorney General	Cabinet	50%
That body which has an - at least theoretical - constitutional check on the President's role as Commander in Chief in the form of its power to declare war and the power of the purse	Congress	50%
The top staff, agencies (of which there are three principal ones), and advisers, that provide advice and administrative support to the President, the most senior of them being based in the West Wing of the White House	Executive Office of the President	50%
That the seal of which displays arrows representing the officeholders formal powers as Commander in Chief, and an olive branch, representing the officeholders formal power of negotiating treaties, the latter being subject to the approval of a two thirds majority in the Senate	Presidency	50%
A statement by the President on signing a bill which may challenge some of its provisions on constitutional or other grounds, effectively acting as line-item vetoes, decreasingly used since George W. Bush, though increasingly of a constitutional nature where used as opposed to commentary	Signing Statement	50%
The head of the White House Office whom keeps the President informed in a balanced way, advances the President's interests, and managed presidential business, sometimes criticised as being too powerful, as in the case of George H. W. Bush's officeholder, John Sununu	White House Chief of Staff	50%
The decades in which the Democrat-Republican two-party system established itself	1850's to 1860's	0%
The year in which the Senate last rejected a President's Supreme Court nominee	1987	0%
Bill Clinton's flagship policy which, despite having success in passing bills in 1994 of 86.4%, failed to even reach Congress	1994 Healthcare Reform Bill	0%
The number of states in which the death penalty is legally operational as of January 2020	29	0%
The number of presidents there have been, noting that Grover Cleveland is counted twice due to the non-consecutive nature of his terms	45	0%
The current Supreme Court conservative:liberal, strict constructionist:loose constructionist split	5:4	0%
Those two events which most affected George W. Bush's and Barack Obama's ability to wield power, chronologically	9/11 and the Great Recession	0%
The percentage of illegal aliens apprehended that were from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras in 2015	93%	0%
That place from which an increasing number of Americans hail, increasing from 4.7% in 1970 to 12.9% in 2010	Abroad	0%
That which public opinion generally supports more than not, though the vast majority of students consider it of little impact, though more white and black students think it harmful as opposed to helpful	Affirmative Action	0%
That which is criticised for amounting itself to discrimination and being both unfair to majorities and patronising to minorities	Affirmative Action	0%
A programme of giving members of previously disadvantaged minority groups preferential treatment or special benefits so as to achieve diversity, multiculturalism, and equality of outcome	Affirmative Action	0%
The third stage of the Supreme Court appointments process in which the President, having interviewed and selected from the finalists declares his candidate before key members of the executive, Congress, and the press, with the American Bar Association Standing Committee giving them a rating on qualification	Announcement	0%
That which most Supreme Court cases are, as well comprising nearly all the influential examples of such cases	Appellate	0%
That minority that Republicans have pointed to so as to demonstrate why affirmative action is unnecessary	Asian Americans	0%
That President who embraced the use of executive orders (though issuing less per year on average than all since Grover Cleveland) as it allowed him to bypass congressional obstruction over matters such as gay rights, especially during the 2011 partial government shutdown	Barack Obama	0%
That president whom was successful domestically such as through compromise in instigating 'don't ask don't tell' and some gun control through the Brady Bill, though, unsuccessful on healthcare (his key election priority) and ultimately impeached	Bill Clinton	0%
Those ethnic groups whose turnout at the 2012 election were 62%, 58%, and 32% respectively	Black, White, and Hispanic	0%
Those formal powers of the President to submit and negotiate an annual budget to and with Congress, drawn up by the Office for Management and Budget	Budgetary Powers	0%
The two year process in which the Office of Management and Budget, President, and executive departments decide on financial requirements based on economic projections, with Congress finally legislating for it to come into effect on 1st October, though usually being late	Budget Process	0%
George W. Bush's foreign policy doctrine formulated after 9/11 based on the ideas of the 'virtue of American primacy' and pre-emptive war	Bush Doctrine	0%
That body in which Presidents try to ensure (though less so in Trump's) there is good representation of sex, race, region, age, and ideology, though region and age tend to reflect the President's own home state and age	Cabinet	0%
That advisory body which is not mentioned in the Constitution	Cabinet	0%
That which is of little importance as it has no executive power vested in it, has no collective responsibility, it meets rarely, and has a rivalry with the Executive Office of the President	Cabinet	0%
That the meetings of which have often been criticised for discussions being incoherent and members too specialised and numerous to talk on wider issues with authority or competence	Cabinet	0%
That the meetings of which are held at the President's discretion, usually around big political events such as the State of the Union address, with George W. Bush averaging six a year, and Obama 3.5 a year, though both being more consistent than Clinton	Cabinet	0%
The advisory group selected by the President to aid him in making decisions and coordinating the work of the federal government	Cabinet	0%
That which is important in that its individual parts/members generally run large departments with large budgets	Cabinet	0%
Those meetings which for the President are useful in that they allow him to meet the team, introduce his agenda, publically demonstrate an open and consultative administration, exchange information, debate and present policy and big issues, monitor and prompt action in Congress, and to maintain connections	Cabinet Meetings	0%
Those for whom Cabinet meetings are useful for getting to know one another, resolve interdepartmental disputes, speak with colleagues and/or the President, and for gaining status and knowledge from meeting the President	Cabinet Officers	0%
A 1925 act that reduced the excessive workload of the Supreme Court by giving it discretion over whether or not to hear cases appealed to it	Certiorari Act	0%
The thirteen courts of appeal which serve as the second highest courts in the US, and from which the Supreme Court receives most of its appeals	Circuit Courts	0%
Those guarantees, mostly spelt out in the Constitution, that protect people's expression and property from arbitrary interference by government	Civil Liberties	0%
Positive acts of government designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government or individuals	Civil Rights	0%
The most conservative current Supreme Court justice, nominated by George H. W. Bush in 1991, who is both the only black justice and the only one not to receive a well qualified rating from the American Bar Association Standing Committee	Clarence Thomas	0%
That position and formal power of the President to act as head of the military, important during the Second World War, Cold War, and War on Terror, to which the ability of Congress to check is unclear	Commander in Chief	0%
The fourth and fifth stage of the Supreme Court appointments process in which the nominee appears before hearings by the Senate Judiciary Committee with witnesses (such as those with close knowledge of the individual, or interest groups) before a recommendatory vote and a final vote by the whole Senate	Confirmation	0%
That body the foreign policy powers of which practically lie in scrutinising the President's policies via the Foreign Affairs Committee, and other such committees	Congress	0%
That body the principal strengths of which relative to the President are that it is the sole legislative body allowing it to develop its own legislative programme (particularly during divided government), and often responds to constituency views over presidential ones	Congress	0%
That fundamental law which provides a check on the power of the President to negotiate treaties and make executive and ambassadorial appointments by requiring the approval of the Senate, except in the case of the National Security Advisor's appointment	Constitution	0%
That, which in Article III, Section 1 states that the Supreme Court could not initiate cases, instead hearing only appeals, except in cases of a dispute between states of between states and the federal government, where it will have the power of 'original jurisdiction'	Constitution	0%
That foreign policy circumstance during which the President is indisputably more powerful than Congress, owing to his ability to act quickly as Commander in Chief such as in Trump's assassination of Iranian General Soleimani in January 2020	Crisis	0%
An Obama era executive order to indefinitely delay the deportation of certain illegal immigrants, declared unconstitutional by the federal courts	DAPA	0%
That which the most common argument made against it is that it constitutes a 'cruel and unusual punishment', prohibited under the Eighth Amendment	Death Penalty	0%
That which those aged under 18 and those with a learning disability are exempt from under Roper v Simmons (2002) and Atkins v Virginia (2002) respectively	Death Penalty	0%
The mandated moving of children between racially homogenous neighbourhoods to create racially mixed schools	Desegregation Busing	0%
Those members of Cabinet that consist of those appointed at the Presidents discretion	Discretionary Members	0%
The 94 courts of law, equity, and admiralty, which serve as the courts below the Circuit Courts, to which appeals are sent	District Courts	0%
A 2008 landmark Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 conservative majority declared unconstitutional - under an individualist interpretation of the Second Amendment - a 1976 District of Columbia law which banned the ownership of handguns and placed limitations on shotguns and rifles	District of Columbia v Heller	0%
The trend in the number of illegal immigrants entering the country during the Obama era	Downwards	0%
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, nominated by Eisenhower, known for leading a strongly liberal court which did much to strike down segregation, Jim Crow laws, and McCarthyism	Earl Warren	0%
That which can be weakened by periods of divided government or from being elected on a minority of the vote as occurred with Trump against Hillary Clinton	Electoral Mandate	0%
Those three instruments it has been argued are evidence of an imperial presidency, in alphabetical order	Executive Agreements, Executive Orders, and Signing Statements	0%
Those bodies of whom the Constitution states the President may require the opinions of in writing on matters concerning their office alone	Executive Departments	0%
That office which was formed to assist the President in the increased domestic and foreign policy demands of his office brought about by the Great Depression, industrialisation, territorial expansion, etc.	Executive Office of the President	0%
Those two bodies between which there is tension due to the former having much closer proximity and access to the President, and due to the divided loyalties of the latter to the President, the executive departments, Congress, pressure groups, etc.	Executive Office of the President and Cabinet	0%
That Trump era executive order which placed a ban on refugees from seven Muslim majority countries on entering the country, to protect against terrorism, blocked by the courts and ultimately superseded by a separate order (revised by two presidential proclamations)	Executive Order 13,769	0%
Those the weaknesses of which are that successive President's can easily revoke and reinstate them as with the ban on offering abortion advice at family planning clinics, while Congress and the Supreme Court can override them if they are considered to have exceeded their reach	Executive Orders	0%
The place from which most including all the current Supreme Court Justices, except for Elena Kagan, are drawn	Federal Courts of Appeal	0%
Where people with previous criminal convictions loose the right to vote, disproportionately being black, most starkly in Kentucky where the rate for black people was 26.1% compared to 9.1% for all Kentuckian adults	Felony Disenfranchisement	0%
An amendment to the Constitution comprising part of the Bill of Rights beginning 'Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof' and continuing 'Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech or of the press'	First Amendment	0%
That amendment the opening sentence of which has been criticised as being contradictory as 'free exercise' of a religion could allow for things such as prayers in schools which could be seen as an 'establishment of religion'	First Amendment	0%
That, during the first half of which, Presidents are often their most popular and successful	First Term	0%
A 2016 Supreme Court case in which a 4:3 liberal majority upheld the affirmative action programme of the University of Texas in determining admissions	Fisher v University of Texas	0%
An 1810 Supreme Court case in which, for the first time, the court declared a state law unconstitutional	Fletcher v Peck	0%
That area in which Obama announced though did not really adhere to a shift from coercion to soft power and diplomacy	Foreign Policy	0%
The legislative and judicial authority granted to the President by the Constitution	Formal Powers	0%
The two amendments that many campaigners seeking improvements in racial rights appeal to, in addition to the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act	Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments	0%
That which most Supreme Court Rulings on campaign finance and political contributions are framed within	Freedom of Speech	0%
That president whom was successful domestically in imposing federal education standards on states and creating the Homeland Security Department, but not in part privatising social insurance for the elderly	George W. Bush	0%
That President whose presidency was much damaged by the response to Hurricane Katrina and the Great Recession, belittling ideas of an imperial presidency	George W. Bush	0%
A 2015 Supreme Court case which reiterated that of Baze v Rees (2008) in declaring that execution by lethal injection, responsibly for 88% of executions since 1976, wasn't 'cruel and unusual'	Glossip v Gross	0%
A 2007 5:4 Supreme Court ruling that upheld the 2003 ban on a method of abortion of viable foetuses by partial delivery and crushing of the skull for removal, criticised for not considering the woman's health, only making an exception if her life were at risk	Gonzales v Carhart	0%
That case, the importance of which is that it encouraged pro-life activists to focus on chipping away at abortion rights rather than overturning Roe v Wade, and demonstrated the importance of the courts membership, which in 2000 had - with one different justice - overturned a similar Nebraska state law	Gonzales v Carhart	0%
That case the consequence of which alongside Grutter v Bollinger (2003) was that universities could continue to use race as a 'plus factor' in evaluating applicants, provided they took sufficient care to evaluate each applicant's ability individually	Gratz v Bollinger	0%
A 2006 Supreme Court case in which a 5:3 liberal majority rejected the Bush administration's military commissions to try Guantanamo detainees as they violeted US military law and the four Geneva Conventions, reaffirmed in 2008 by Boumediene v Bush	Hamdan v Rumsfeld	0%
A term used by those who consider checks and balances on the judiciary to be insufficient, thus giving it excessive power	Imperial Judiciary	0%
That which Schlesinger argued the formation of was allowed by foreign policy, with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor giving Franklin D. Roosevelt the opportunity to break free of congressional checks, a pattern continued in Korea, Lebanon, Cuba, and Vietnam	Imperial Presidency	0%
That of which the principal argument against has been that the presidency was only near supremely powerful under Franklin D. Roosevelt, with all subsequent presidents exerting only as much power as Congress allowed, indeed forcing Nixon to resign	Imperial Presidency	0%
An expression popularised by historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in the 1970's to describe the lack of effective constraint on presidential power that had arisen since the 1930's New Deal	Imperial Presidency	0%
That which some reassessed the 'imperial presidency' as due to an increasingly assertive Congress post-Nixon, which passed laws restricting the foreign policy powers of the presidency	Imperilled Presidency	0%
A idea coined by Gerald Ford and expanded on by Alasdair S. Rberts to describe the presidency's inability to maintain control over a huge and growing bureaucracy amongst other things	Imperilled Presidency	0%
Those inferred presidential powers outside the scope of the Constitution, that are often subject to judicial review	Informal Powers	0%
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court since 2005, nominated by George W. Bush, known for his strict constructionist moderate conservative views and his position as a swing justice in some cases	John Roberts	0%
Those three justices whom have sometimes acted as swing justices since Justice Kennedy's retirement, in order of appointment	John Roberts, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh	0%
An approach to judicial decision making which holds that judges can overrule certain acts of judgements and should do so to correct injustices and to promote and formulate particular social outcomes	Judicial Activism	0%
That term the usage of which is problematic as it is often used to criticise a court for making a decision unpopular with the user of the term rather than as rational criticism	Judicial Activism	0%
An approach to judicial decision making which holds that judges should defer to the legislature and executive, and to precedent established in previous Court decisions, i.e. stare decisis	Judicial Restraint	0%
That, a popular argument in favour of is that deference to the executive and legislature should be shown as they - unlike the judiciary - are popularly elected	Judicial Restraint	0%
The power of the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress, the executive, or state governments, unconstitutional, granted to itself in the landmark cases of Marbury v Madison and Fletcher v Peck	Judicial Review	0%
A 1789 act by Congress that further detailed the judiciary by establishing inferior courts and decreeing that there would be six Supreme Court justices, later fluctuating until settling at nine in 1869	Judiciary Act	0%
Those formal powers of the President to propose legislation, most commonly done via the annual State of the Union Address, as well as to sign or veto bills from Congress	Legislative Power	0%
Where specific provisions of a bill are vetoed, allowed of the President by Congress in 1996 but declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court two years later	Line-Item Veto	0%
The Constitution considered as a dynamic, living document, interpretation of which should take account of the views of contemporary society	Living Constitution	0%
A Supreme Court justice who interprets the Constitution less literally, tending to stress the broad grants of power to the federal government	Loose Constructionist	0%
That President whose cabinet included the first ever black department head	Lyndon B. Johnson	0%
A 2004 Supreme Court case in which the court upheld the constitutionality of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act which limited advertising expenditure during political campaigning	McConnell v Federal Election Commission	0%
A 2014 Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 conservative majority struck down a 1970's limit on the total amount an individual can contribute to candidates and political campaigns, as it restricts political participation and thus freedom of expression	McCutcheon v Federal Election Commission	0%
A 2010 Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 conservative majority declared that the Second Amendment provided a fundamental right to bear arms, protected from state or local government infringement by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment	McDonald v City of Chicago	0%
An organisation founded in 1909 to secure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of non-white people, such as through demonstrations and protests, and by encouraging voter registration	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)	0%
A 2012 Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 liberal majority upheld most provisions of the Affordable Care Act, though not on the argument of the government concerning the Commerce Clause	National Federation of Business v Sebelius	0%
That Supreme Court case in which the court ruled as it did because the 'individual mandate' requiring American's possess health insurance or face consequences was a tax and thus allowed of Congress by the Constitution separate to the Commerce Clause which was not applicable	National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius	0%
A 2014 Supreme Court case in which the court unanimously ruled that the President lacked the constitutional authority to make high-level executive 'recess' appointments when the Senate was technically available to give advice and consent	National Labor Relations Board v Noel Canning	0%
The head of the National Security Council who coordinates the agency and ensures the President is sufficiently informed with unbiased information, causing criticism of Obama's, Susan Rice, due to her political comments in office	National Security Advisor	0%
That the function of which is to coordinate intelligence and defence information with which it can provide non-partisan advice to the President on matters concerning foreign policy, security, and defence	National Security Council (NSC)	0%
One of the three principal agencies of the Executive Office of the President which deliberates and advises on national security and foreign policy	National Security Council (NSC)	0%
A 2015 5:4 Supreme Court ruling overturning the prohibition on same sex marriage based on equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, criticised for relying heavily on loose constructionist arguments and for being quasi-legislative	Obergefell v Hodges	0%
An office of the larger White House Office, the members of which lobby Congress on the President's behalf	Office of Legislative Affairs	0%
The head of the Office of Management and Budget, the appointment of whom requires Senate confirmation, whom runs said office, gives advice, and speaks on behalf of the President on budgetary matters	Office of Management and Budget Director	0%
One of the three principal agencies of the Executive Office of the President, which produced the budget and assesses the effectiveness of government programmes, its head requiring Senate confirmation	Office of Management and Budget (OMB)	0%
That the functions of which are to advise the President on the allocation of federal funds in the annual budget, oversee departmental and agency spending, and analyse proposed legislation and regulations from the executive branch for their budgetary and policy implications	Office of Management and Budget (OMB)	0%
The number of black department heads whom were appointed under both Obama and Trump	One	0%
A Supreme Court justice who interprets the Constitution in line with the intent of the framer's at the time of enactment	Originalist	0%
That which has become more pronounced in Senate votes on Supreme Court nominations in the last 15 years	Partisanship	0%
Presidential persuasion undertaken through other people on his behalf	Persuasion through People	0%
That type of persuasion that the President can undertake through the; Vice President, members of the Office of Legislation Affairs, Cabinet officers, and party leaders in Congress	Persuasion through People	0%
That kind of persuasion a President may engage in such as by offering to support certain legislation, suggesting people for executive or judicial appointments, campaigning for people in coming elections (if they are of the same party), etc.	Persuasion through Perks	0%
Presidential persuasion by offering perks, via information often gained from persuasion through people, undertaken on the phone, in the White House, or on Capitol Hill	Persuasion through Perks	0%
The presidencies of Ronald Reagan onward, which restored confidence in the presidency and what it represented	Post-Imperial Presidency	0%
A formal power of the President to propose executive branch officials such as departmental heads, ambassadors, etc., and federal judges, subject to the approval of a simple majority in the Senate	Power of Nomination	0%
That which Professor Richard Neustadt called the power of the President	Power to Persuade	0%
That office the success of which has often been determined by; economic prosperity and unified government, such as under Reagan, George W. Bush, and Obama, causing accusations of an imperial presidency	Presidency	0%
That office, which of the 22 major party candidates for in the 2016 election, only three were from ethnic minorities, one black, one Hispanic, and one Indian-American	Presidency	0%
That body which politicises appointments to the Supreme Court by generally making nominations largely on the individuals philosophy such as Republicans selecting conservatives and strict constructionists, possibly based on their previous judgements	Presidency	0%
That individual who is granted sole executive power under Article II Section 1 of the Constitution, making him Chief Executive	President	0%
That individual the principal strengths of whom relative to Congress are that it comes with; an electoral mandate - strengthened by media exposure - the positions of head of government and head of state, powers of veto and persuasion, and a large Executive Office, providing the individual the opportunity to frame and dominate the legislative agenda	President	0%
That individual who holds the dual roles and formal powers of being Head of State and Head of Government	President	0%
That individual who can find it difficult to build support for his legislative agenda due to partisanship, more awareness by Congress of constituents' wishes such as by email, and more such individuals being politically inexperienced such as Reagan or Trump	President	0%
That individual the principal strengths of whom relative to the Supreme Court are that he - subject to a simple Senate majority confirmation - appoints the members of the Supreme Court where vacancies are made such as by death, retirement, or impeachment	President	0%
That the success of which is most often affected by whether or not government is unified or divided, and at what point the President's term in office it is	Presidential Persuasion	0%
That which the President must rely on as his powers are checked by Congress, and thus he must convince them not to obstruct his agenda	Presidential Persuasion	0%
That the approval of which can affect presidential success as the more popular the President, the more they are able to exert power or see success such as Congress being unwilling to impeach popular President Clinton, now viewed increasingly through partisan lines	Public	0%
That which the President may appeal to in order to put pressure on Congress, persuasion through perks having failed	Public	0%
A system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of actions, and funding priorities promulgated by the government and affecting the population, much impacted by the Supreme Court - through judicial review - either upholding or removing it	Public Policy	0%
That which the Supreme Court has been said to be as judicial review allows it to declare points of law and establish precedent with the effect of law such as in Roe v Wade	Quasi-Legislative	0%
Where a certain percentage of places in higher education or employment are reserved for people from previously disadvantaged minorities, effectively banned by University of California v Bakke (1978)	Quotas	0%
That which campaigners have sought to improve via Constitutional amendments, legislation, Supreme Court decisions, presidential leadership, and citizen action	Racial Rights	0%
Unilateral presidential appointments to a federal office while the Senate is in recess, hampered by the Senate via the holding of regular pro-forma session every few days during recesses	Recess Appointments	0%
The President in which many saw the ideas of the imperial presidency best reflected, particularly in reference to the Watergate Scandal	Richard Nixon	0%
A 1973 7:2 Supreme Court ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment right of 'liberty' included 'freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life' including the right of a woman to abort a pregnancy	Roe v Wade	0%
That President, whom all subsequent officeholders until President Trump issued a lower average yearly number of executive orders than	Ronald Reagan	0%
The second stage of the Supreme Court appointments process in which the President, with the help of advisers, Congress, professional groups, and friends, looks for suitable candidates, often from the Federal Courts of Appeal, State Courts, or Department of Justice	Search	0%
That amendment on which their are two different positions, namely whether the right of the people to keep and bear arms is individual or collective	Second Amendment	0%
That body which politicises appointments to the Supreme Court by increasingly voting along party lines, and focussing on scandal, innuendo, and political philosophy above competence, with little effective scrutiny, especially under unified government	Senate	0%
That body the vote in which is the most important determinant as to result of the full Senate vote on whether to appoint a Supreme Court justice	Senate Judiciary Committee	0%
A 2013 Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 conservative majority declared that restrictions placed on some Southern States preventing them from changing their voting laws without federal preclearance - where unconstitutional as the preclearance formula was 40 years out of date	Shelby County v Holder	0%
A legal principle that judges should look to past precedents as a guide wherever possible, Latin for 'let the decision stand'	Stare Decisis	0%
A Supreme Court justice who interprets the Constitution strictly or literally, tending to stress the power of the states, and oftentimes being originalist	Strict Constructionist	0%
The court which is asked to review over 7,000 cases each year, of which it hears only 100 to 150	Supreme Court	0%
That body in which a vacancy becomes available once every two years on average, though Clinton, W. Bush, and Obama only made two successful nominations in each of their eight year terms	Supreme Court	0%
That body the independence of which is protected by the fact that members cannot be a part of, or work closely with, the other branches of government, while presidential nominations require simple majority Senate approval, appointments are for life (excepting impeachment), and members salaries cannot be decreased during their tenure	Supreme Court	0%
The highest court in the federal judiciary composed of nine justices together having the power of ultimate discretionary appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state courts on points of constitutional law, federal law, and US treaties	Supreme Court	0%
That body appointments to which are so important as they are infrequent, come with life tenure, each individual has great influence due to their small number, and their power of judicial review is highly impactful and significant	Supreme Court	0%
A Justice of the Supreme Court who falls between the philosophically conservative and liberal extremes, giving them significant influence in an otherwise philosophically balanced Supreme Court, most recently being retired Anthony Kennedy	Swing Justice	0%
A 2014 Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 conservative majority ruled that starting town and city council meetings with prayers did not contravene the First Amendment	Town of Greece v Galloway	0%
Those members of Cabinet that consist of the heads of the 15 executive departments	Traditional Members	0%
That which the Supreme Court has increasingly declared laws to be, especially since the 1960's	Unconstitutional	0%
The first stage of the Supreme Court appointments process in which an incumbent retires or dies, leaving a space to be filled, often deemed the most important appointment a President will make	Vacancy	0%
That office to which a person accedes either by election alongside the President or appointment mid-term subject to the approval of a simple majority by both chambers of Congress	Vice-President	0%
That office which could be said to be a member of both the executive and legislature, though practically no legislative role besides breaking ties in the Senate is performed	Vice-President	0%
He, the role of whom is to advise and support the President while also being head of the Senate, though rarely actively engaging in such a capacity	Vice President	0%
A Bush Doctrine idea that America had a right to shape a balance of power that favours freedom by virtue of having achieved it itself in part by defeating communism and fascism	Virtue of American Primacy	0%
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1969 to 1986, nominated by Nixon, known for being conservative though also for heading the court during Roe v Wade, and the rejection of Nixon's claim of executive privilege during Watergate	Warren Earl Burger	0%
That which Charles Evans Hughes, later to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, said the Constitution is in 1907	What the Judges say it is	0%
That the function of which is to draw-up the President's schedule, act as liaison between the President and Congress, departments, the Cabinet, etc., and to facilitate and manage who has contact with the President in line with his need and agenda	White House Office	0%
One of the three principal agencies of the Executive Office of the President, that serves as his personal office, containing the staff who facilitate his communication with Congress, department and agency heads, the press, and the public	White House Office	0%
A 2016 5:3 (there being an unfilled vacancy) Supreme Court ruling overturning a 2013 Texas state restriction on where abortions could be provided which had reduced the number of such clinics from 41 to 20, decided by Justice Kennedy's vote	Whole Woman's Health v Hellerstadt	0%
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1986 till his death in 2005, nominated by Reagan, known for his conservative federalism and emphasis on state's rights, being the first to strike down an Act of Congress under the Commerce Clause since the 1930's	William Rehnquist	0%
A 2002 Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 conservative majority overturned an Ohioan ban on giving financial aid to parents, mostly black, allowing them to send their children to religious or private schools rather than failing state schools, 96% choosing religious schools	Zelman v Simmons-Harris	0%
That Supreme Court case in which the court ruled as it did because there was no state coercion of parents to choose religious over private schools and thus the First Amendment had not been violated	Zelman v Simmons-Harris	0%