Hint
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Answer
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Selective attention: the ability to ___ on ___ stimuli or locations
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focus, specific
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Distraction: attending to one thing while ___ others
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ignoring
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Divided attention: one stimulus ___ with the processing of another simulus
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interfering
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Attentional capture: a ___ ____ of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a ___, bright light, or ___ movement
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rapid, shifting, loud noise, sudden
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Visual scanning: ___ of the eyes from one location or object to another
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movements
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Dichotic listening: presenting different stimuli to the ___ and ___ ears
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left, right
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Shadowing: ___ attention on the words in one ear, as you hear the words ___ them out loud
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focus, repeat
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Broadbent's filter model of attention: 1. ___ memory holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second and then ___ all to the ___
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sensory, transfers, filter
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2. The filter ___ the message that is being attended to based on its ___ characteristics (speaker's tone of voice, pitch, etc.) and lets only this ___ message pass through to the ___, all other messages are ___ out
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identifies, physical, attended, detector, filtered
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3. The detector ___ information from ___ message to determine ___-level characteristics of the message (e.g. meaning), processes all of the information that enters it
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processes, attended, higher
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4. The output of the detector is sent to ___-term memory, which holds information for 10-15 seconds and also ___ information into ___-term memory, which can hold information ___
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short. transfers, long, indefinitely
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Bottleneck model: filter ___ information flow
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restricts
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Early selection model: filter eliminates ___ information right at the ___ of the flow of information, before actual ___
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unattended, beginning, perception
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Later selection model: most of the incoming information is processed ot the level of ___ before the message is ___ for extended analysis
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meaning, selected
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Modifying Broadbent's model (CS): typical ___ listening experiment, task was to ___ the attended message "Dear 7 Jane", the unattended ear received the message "9 Aunt 6", participants reported hearing "Dear Aunt Jane" --> took ___ into account
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dichotic, shadow, meaning
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Attenuation model: selection occurs in ___ stages, filter is replaced with an ___
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two, attenuator
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The attenuator ___ the incoming messages in terms of 1. its ___ characteristics, 2. its ___ (how the message groups into syllables or words), 3. its ___ (how sequences of words create ___ phrases)
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analyzes, physical, language, meaning, meaningful
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The final output of the system is determined in the ___ stage, when the message is analyzed by the ___ unit: contains ___ or concepts stored in ___, each of which has a ___ for being activated (e.g. low threshold for own ___)
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second, dictionary, words, memory, threshold, name
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Processing capacity refer to the ___ of information people can handle and sets a ___ on their ability to process incoming information
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amount, limit
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Perceptual load is related to the ___ of a task; some tasks (especially ___ ones) have ___ perceptual loads (--> use up only a ___ amount of person's processing ___)
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load, easy, low, small, capacity
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Overt attention: shifting attention from one place to another by moving the ___ - visible for an external observer
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eyes
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Covert attention: shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes ___
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stationary
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Hint
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Answer
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Central vision is the ___ you are looking at, peripheral vision is everything off to the ___
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area, side
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Fixation: briefly ___ on an object
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pausing
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Saccadic eye movement: a ___, jerky movement from one fixation to the next
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rapid
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Bottom-up shifting: based on ___ characteristics of the stimuli
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physical
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Top-down shifting: based on ___ factors such as ___ and past ___
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cognitive, knowledge, experiences
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Scanning based on stimulus salience (overt): stimulus salience is the ___ properties of the stimulus, such as color, contrast or movement, can have influence on overt but also covert attention, capturing attention by stimulus salience is a ___ process
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physical, bottom-up
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Attentional capture: ___ shift of attention due to stimulus ___
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involuntary, salience
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Saliency map: a way to determine how saliency influences the way we ___ a scene, typically involves analyzing characteristics such as color, orientation, and intensity at each ___ in the scene and then ___ these values to create a saliency map of the scene
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scan, location, combining
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Scanning based on meaning (overt): eye movements are also determined by ___ processes associated with personal ___ and scene schemas (observer's knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes)
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top-down, interest
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Scanning based on task demands (overt): most tasks require attention to different ___ as the task unfolds, thus timing of when people look at specific ___ is determined by the ___ of actions involved in the task
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places, places, sequence
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Attention to a location (covert, CS): endogenous cues (appear in the ___ of the screen, indicate where the next target will be, ___) and exogenous cues (appear at one of the ___ where the next target could appear, ___), participants react ___ to the target when their attention was focused on the ___ where it was to appear
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center, top-down, locations, bottom-up, faster, location
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Divided attention can be achieved with practice (CS): participants need to carry out two tasks simultaneously, 1. holding information about target stimuli in ___, 2. paying attention to a series of ___ stimuli and determining whether one of the target stimuli is present among these, the more tries of this experiment, the better the performances (not possible with ___ tasks)
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memory, distractor, difficult
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Automatic processing: occurs without ___ and at a cost of none or only some of a person's cognitive ___
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intention, resources
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Inattentional blindness: participants can be unaware of clearly ___ stimuli if they aren't directing their ___ to them
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visible, attention
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Change blindness: difficulty in detecting ___ in scenes
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changes
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Binding: process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are ___ to create our perception of a ___ object
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combined, coherent
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Feature integration theory: how do we perceive ___ features as part of the same object?
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individual
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Preattentive stage: objects are analyzed into ___ features, exist ___ of each other at this stage since each feature is processed in a separate area of the brain
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separate, independently
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Focused attention stage: features are ___ in the second stage, we then ___ perceive the object
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combined, consciously
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Classic Study: displayed four objects and two black numbers for fraction of a second, participants were told to ___ numbers first and then the objects, in 18% of the trials the participants reported seeing objects that were made up of a ___ of features from two different stimuli (illusory conjunctions). In a repitition, the participants were told to ___ the black numbers --> no illusory conjunctions
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report, combination, ignore
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Feature search: find target object by looking for a ___ feature (e.g. horizontal)
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single
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Conjunction search: find target object by looking for a ___ of multiple features (e.g. green horizontal)
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combination
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