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Hint
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Answer
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A way of describing an action in which the subject of the sentence and the agent of the action are the same. e.g. Stephen King wrote the book in 1980. |
active voice
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A class of words which modify other words, clauses, or sentences. They typically express manner, degree, place, time, or uncertainty. e.g. I ran quickly. e.g. I ran very quickly. e.g. I ran home very quickly. e.g. Yesterday, I ran home very quickly . e.g. Maybe I ran home very quickly yesterday, but I was too drunk to remember. |
adverb
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A type of determiner which is used with noun phrases to mark the specificity of the noun phrase. English has ‘definite’, ‘indefinite’ and ‘zero articles’. e.g. I want to buy a house. / The house over there. |
article
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The way the speaker’s ‘view’ of an event is expressed by the verb phrase, regardless of the time of the event. Continuous and perfect. e.g. they are working now ; they have worked here for two years. |
aspect
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A type of sentence structure, where an extra clause is added to a sentence to emphasise particular information. It can be a noun clause or a relative clause. e.g. It’s a holiday that I need / What I need is a holiday. (here, ‘holiday’ is given extra emphasis) |
cleft sentence
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A conjunction which links two main clauses or two other grammatical units which have the same grammatical status. e.g. he liked English but he hated French he liked English and French |
coordinating conjunction
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The clause element that follows linking verbs. Provides additional information about the subject. e.g. My brother is a lecturer; He seems nice |
complement
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Takes an obligatory complement: Noun phrase e.g. my doctor looks like a nice man Adjective phrase e.g. my doctor became rich Adverbial of place e.g. my doctor is in prison |
copular verb (linking verb)
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A sentence which takes the form of a statement, as opposed to a question or imperative. It can be either affirmative or negative. e.g. I enjoy doing exercise / I don’t enjoy doing homework. |
declarative sentence
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Describes the way language points to personal / spatial / temporal features of the context. e.g. I have been here for three weeks now. |
deixis
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A verb used with a noun or adjective phrase with the general meaning of ‘perform the action indicated by the noun/adjective.’ It has little or no direct (dictionary) definition. e.g. he had a bath / she went mad |
delexicalised verb
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A class of words which: Come before a noun Limit the meaning of the noun in some way Can be: Articles (a dog) Demonstratives (this dog) Possessives (our dog) Quantifiers (some dogs) Numerals (one dog) Wh-determiners |
determiner
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A verb that shows continuous action on the part of the subject. In English it often takes the progressive aspect. e.g. He is running. |
dynamic verb
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Refers to the speaker’s assessment of the likelihood of the situation. e.g. he might become a doctor |
extrinsic modality
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A form of a verb that shows it is related to a subject by having person, number, and tense. e.g. he plays football (3rd person singular present simple) |
finite verb
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An –ing form of the verb which functions as a noun. e.g. walking is good for you; he likes walking |
gerund
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An adjective which can be modified in order to indicate the degree to which the quality is present. It can take a comparative and superlative form. e.g. big |
graded adjective
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A verb which doesn’t take a direct object. e.g. he died |
intransitive verb
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Refers to the speaker’s attitude towards the necessity or desirability of the situation. e.g. he ought to become a doctor |
intrinsic modality
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A reversal of the normal word order, most commonly used in English for question formation. e.g. statement: I am a teacher. question: Am I a teacher? (subject-auxiliary inversion) |
inversion
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A verb with meaning, as defined in a dictionary. Not an auxiliary verb. e.g. he had a car (he was in possession of a car) |
lexical verb
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Refers to the lexical / grammatical ways used by speakers to express their attitude to what they are saying e.g. maybe Charles is married e.g. Charles can’t be married |
modality
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A grammatical term used for the imperative, indicative and subjunctive forms of the verb. e.g. You be nice (imperative) vs You are nice (indicative) vs If you were nicer… (subjunctive) |
mood
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A form of the verb that is independent of the subject and not marked for person, number or tense. Includes, infinitives, present / past participles, and gerunds e.g. I need to buy it; I’m buying it; It was a much needed buy; I like buying things. |
non-finite verb
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A term used to describe a part of a sentence that consists of a pronoun or a noun and any other words placed before or after which modify it. e.g. The new course… |
noun phrase
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The placing of clauses or phrases one after another, without words to indicate coordination or subordination e.g. Tell me, how are you? |
parataxis
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A way of describing an action in which the subject of the sentence and the patient of the action are the same. e.g. The book was written by Stephen King in 1980. |
passive voice
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A word which modifies another word by being placed after it. E.g. ‘You play well’ - the adverb ‘well’ post-modifies the verb ‘play’. |
post-modifier
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A word which modifies another word by being placed before it. E.g. ‘very good’ - the adverb ‘very’ pre-modifies the adjective ‘good’. |
pre-modifier
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An –ing form of the verb which can serve the function of a verb or an adjective. e.g. He is walking; It is a walking robot. |
present participle
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A class of words which can substitute for a noun / noun phrase. Personal (I, me, she, her) Possessive (mine, hers) Reflexive (myself, itself) Demonstrative (this, those) Relative (that, which, who, whose, whom) Interrogative (what? Who?) Indefinite (something, nobody) Reciprocal (each other) Quantifiers (all, some, both) |
pronoun
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A grammatical construction in which an interrogative element is added to a declarative or imperative clause. The result is a request for information or clarification. e.g. You’re Georges, aren’t you? |
Question tag
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A verb that describes a state. In English it usually doesn’t take the progressive aspect. e.g. He knows English. |
stative verb
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A conjunction which links a subordinate clause to a main clause e.g. he was tired because he stayed up all night |
subordinating conjunction
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Describes the rules for sequencing words to show their relationships of meaning within sentences. e.g. syntactical rules in English permit the placing of 2 nouns together (table tennis) but not in French (tennis de table) |
syntax
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A verb which takes a direct object e.g. He killed her |
transitive verb
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An adjective which cannot be modified in order to indicate the degree to which the quality is present. It cannot take a comparative or superlative form. e.g. ideal |
ungraded/ungradable adjective
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