Definition
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Term
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The important people in an individual's life whose opinions and behaviors influence the various aspects of identity
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Particular others
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The practice of changing language or dialect to accomodate to the communication situation
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Code switching
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Distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use
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Nonverbal codes
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Listening style that reflects a preference for error free and well organized speaking
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Informational Listening
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Signals that accompany speech to clarify oremphasize the verbal meaning
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Illustrators
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Communication occurred when a sender encoded a message that was sent to a receiver who decoded it. then the process is reversed.
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Synergetic Model
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The standard of right and wrong that one applies to messages that are sent
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Communication ethics
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The study of he way people use time as a message
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Chronemics
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process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages
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Human communication
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Dictionary, or literal meaning of a word
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Denotative meaning
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Process in which reminding individuals of stereotypical expectations regarding important identities can impact their performance
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Stereotype threat
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The understanding of one's unique characteristics as well as the similarities to, and differences from others
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Self-concept
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Part of one's self concept arises out of how one perceives and interprets reflected appraisals and social comparisons
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Self-esteem
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Treating others and expecting to be treated with respect and dignity
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Self-respect
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Explanation of the process we use to judge our own and others' behaviors
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Attribution
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Creating schemes that over generalized attributes of a specific group
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Stereotyping
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Who a person is, composed of individual and social category a person identifies with, as well as the categories that others identify with that person
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Identity
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The process by which historical events influence the perceptions of people who grew up in a given generation and time period
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Cohort effect
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Functions of language
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Instrumental
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Regulatory
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Inform
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Heuristic
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Interactional
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Personal language
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The affective or interpretive meaning attached to a word
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Connotative meaning
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Roles that help establish a groups social atmosphere
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Task roles
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Experiencing aversive or negative feelings towards a group as a whole or toward an individual because she or he belongs to a group
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Prejudice
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Use of verbal communication to attack others based on some social category
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Hate speech
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Comments that reject or invalidate a positive or negate self image of our conversational partners
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Disconfirming communication
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Comments that validate positive self-images of others
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Confirming communication
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the idea that self image results from the image others reflect back to an idea
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Looking-glass self
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Understanding the messages associated with sounds or what the sounds mean
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Understanding
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Nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning
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Nonverbal communication
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Listening style that reflects a preference for error free and well organized speaking
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Action
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Nonverbal communication sent by the body including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions and eye behavior
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Kinesics
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Nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving or holding up a hand to direct people's attention
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Gestures
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Gestures used to control
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Adaptors
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the idea that people's self-images arise primarily from the many messages they have received from others about who they are
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Reflected appraisals
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Standars of what is right and wrong, good or bad, moral and immoral
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Ethics
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Gestures used to control conversations
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Regulators
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How close or involved people appear to be with each other
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Immediacy
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All aspects of spoken language except for the words themselves, includes rate, volume, pitch and stress
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Paralinguistics
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The study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships to communicate
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Proxemics
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The clothing and other accessories they choose
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Artifacts
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The process of recieving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
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Listening
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Be aware that something is the case without being able to define exactly how one knows
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Sensing
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Assessing your reaction to a message
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Evaluating
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Showing others how you regard their message
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Responding
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The study of the communicative functions of touch
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Haptics
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A negative group process characterized by "escessive concurrence thinking"
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Group think
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A set of attitudes, beliefs and predispositions about the how, when, where, who and what of the information receiving and encoding process
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Listening style
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The collection of roles, rules, norms, beliefs and attitudes endorsed by the community in which a person lives
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Generalized other
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Roles that focus more on the individuals interests than the groups
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Individual roles
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Oriented listening skills that reflects an interest in detailed attention to content
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Content
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A listening style that is associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others
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People- oriented listening
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Listening skills focused not only on understanding information but also "listening" to others feelings
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Supportive listening
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Communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different
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Intercultural communications
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A value orientation that respects the authority and independence of individuals
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Individualist orientation
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Model of relationship development in which couples move both towards and away from commitment over the course of their relationship
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Turning point model
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Contradictions in personal relationships
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Relational dialects
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A value orientation that stresses the needs of the group
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Collectivistic orientation
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A value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power
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Power distance
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The dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude towards virtue and truth
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Long term vs. short term orientation
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Theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together
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Attraction theory
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The tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are
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Matching hypothesis
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Theory that explains the development and longevity of relationships as a result of indivuals ability to maximize the rewards and minimized the costs of their relationship
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Social penetration theory
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Behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships
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Relational maintenance
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Listening style that prefers belief, concise speech
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Time-oriented listening
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The distaste and aversion that people feel towards working in a group
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Group hate
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Communicatio among a small number of people that share a common interest or goal
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Small group communication
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The shared expectations group members have regarding each individuals communication behavior in the group
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Group roles
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When an individual expects something to occur, the expectation increases the likelihood that it will,as the expectation influences behavior
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Self-fulfilling
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Roles that help establish a group's social atmosphere
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Relational roles
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The way people lead directly affects the outcome
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Leadership style theory
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Needs between a group
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Interpersonal needs
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Whichever of the three goals- to inform,persuade, or entertain- dominates a speach
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General Purpose
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The process of determining what the audience already knows or wants to know about a topic, who they are, what they know or need to know about the speaker, and what their expectations might be for the presentation
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Audience analysis
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The portion of an audience analysis that considers the ages, races, sexes, sexual orientation, religions and social class of the audience
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Demographic Analysis
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What the speaker wants to inform or persuade an audience about, or the type of feelings the speaker wants to envoke
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Specific purpose
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A statement of the topic of a speech and the speaker's position on it
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Thesis Statement
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Information that supports the speaker's ideas
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Supporting materials
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Thesis, statement of importance, how you are qualified to give a speech are all elements to:
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Give a good speech
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Chronological, spatial, topic, problem- solution, cause-effect patterns
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Organization patterns
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A significant minority group within a dominent majority that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns
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Cocultural groups
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Listening skills that are useful in a wide variety of situations- particularly those involving persuasive speaking
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Critical Listening
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Review the points, and a challenge the audience to act are included in a good:
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Conclusion
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The process of selection, organization, and interpretation that we use to understand the information we collect through our senses; what we see, hear, yaste, smell and touch
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Perception
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