APWH Unit 6 Vocab

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments; examples include British East India Company influence in India, Banana Republics in Honduras

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their racism and imperialist expansion

The concept that Western nations could bring "advanced" science and economic development to non-Western parts of the world that justified imperial administration; included notion that colonialism was a duty for Europeans and a benefit for the colonized

Idea that Europeans had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those "less civilized;" originally coined by a British poet and writer named Rudyard Kipling in his poem of the same name

Exploited by Leopold II of Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a guardian and trustee; he violated that agreement and stripped the country of its resources and mutilated its people

Large numbers of people come to the colonies to live in the colony and establish a permanent presence; Britain established these including Jamestown and New Zealand

Pivotal movement that weakened the Xhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British; the prophecy was that killing all cattle would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors; an example of an indigenous rebellion against European imperial expansion

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, often viewed as an indigenous religious movement

Also called the Indian's first War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, Indian Mutiny, or the Sepoy Mutiny and began in 1857 as a mutiny of sepoys (Indian soldiers) of the British East Indian Company army; was ended by British military and resulted in full British control of India and loss of British East India Company's power

Wars between Great Britain and China; began as a conflict over the opium trade as Britain illegally had opium produced in the Middle East and South Asia in hopes of forcing trade with China; ended with the Chinese treaty to the British - the opening of five Chinese ports to foreign merchants and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges

1899 rebellion in Beijing; started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils"; the rebellion was ended by British troops; led to a decreased power and influence of the Qing Dynasty

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners

An area where a foreign nation controlled economic developments such as railroad construction and mining; occurred in China after the Opium Wars

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area; a result of migration movements driven by industrialization

The United States denied any Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate

Before 1973, a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the country; it has been largely replaced by a more flexible policy today; a reaction to migrations driven by industrialization

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa; the colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him; representative of African imperialism in the 19th century

Ended the Opium Wars in China and led to diminished Chinese political and economic power; set up five treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these was Hong Kong

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism; the company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules to colonize Africa

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

King of Belgium who set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s; controlled the Congo as a personal colony and would have his colony taken from him by the Belgian Parliament in early 20th century due to exploitation of Congolese for profit in the rubber trade

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

Former name of Sri Lanka

The Kingdom of Siam, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina.

A peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, largely controlled by the French during the Age of Imperialism

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s; Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts; triggered in full by the Berlin Conference

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI; much of the land in question was land controlled by the failing Ottoman Empire

A colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison...best example was Australia for the British Empire

A conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa; the Boers, also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence; resulted in American victory and taking over Spanish colonies in Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

A drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers; distribution of this drug allowed for the industrialized countries to control areas much easier

A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea; controlled by the Egyptians but construction debt led to the British taking over the project; allows for quicker transportation and economic buildup

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.

Queen of the Asantes (African kingdom) that led the fight against the British in the last Asante war; took power after the king was exiled

A series of wars that took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand government and the native Maori people; an effect of the growth of the settler colony the British established in New Zealand

(1879) War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence and was absorbed into the British colony of South Africa.

Indian troops who served in the British army; were employed by the British East India Company during the indirect rule of India by the British Empire

Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century

The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven...native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World...it has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Egypt, and the United States

Harvested from trees as a sap that was heated into a product used to make tires; became extremely popular due to the invention of the bicycle and the automobile; the major trading good gathered from the Belgian Congo

Large areas of land with a single plant variety

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s, and allowed industrialized countries to hold empires much easier due to advanced communication

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

An immigrant who signed a contract in Europe to work for an American employer, often to replace a striking worker

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Entire Indian families were recruited to emigrate to Southeast Asia to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya; lives were less restricted that those of indentured laborers; six million people moved before the system was abolished