Statistics for P+P Part A's 7

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Answer Stats

Question	Answer	% Correct
Intracellular ionised Ca2+ concentration is	0.1uM	100%
What would its concentration most closely resemble if it equilibrated equally throughout all compartments in the body (µg/ml)?	0.24	100%
If the dye also passively equilibrated at equal concentration across cell walls, and within the interstitial fluid, what would its plasma concentration most closely match from the drop-down list (µg/ml)?	0.24	100%
Arterial PO2 is normally	100mmHg	100%
Extracellular Cl-	110mM	100%
Typical intracellular Na+ ion concentration is (mM)	15	100%
inulin appearing in the urine 450 mg/min renal plasma flow 500 ml/min hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus 45 mmHg hydrostatic pressure within the Bowman's capsule 4 mmHg plasma inulin concentration 3.0 mg/ml Determine the glomerular filtration rate (ml/min) using any of the following values you require	150ml/min	100%
Extracellular HCO3- concentration is	25mM	100%
What is the typical duration of a nerve action potential at 37°C?	2ms	100%
10 mg of a dye (neglect its volume) was injected into the vein of a healthy adult. After equilibration a blood sample was taken and the dye concentration was found to be 3.33 µg/ml. Calculate plasma volume (rounded to the nearest litre)	3	100%
Extracellular K+ ion concentration is (mM)	4	100%
PaCO2 in a healthy resting individual is typically (mm Hg)	40	100%
In a nerve cell membrane, transmembrane K+ current during repolarisation of the action potential is 2 nanoAmperes. Assuming each individual K+ channel carries a net current of 1 picoAmpere, and has a statistical probability of opening of 0.5, calculate the number of functional K+ channels.	4000	100%
In a practical class, a healthy student drank a litre of water in five minutes. Over the next thirty minutes the student produced 150 ml of urine, with a urea concentration of 96 mmol/litre. A blood sample gave a plasma urea concentration of 6 mmol/litre. Calculate the urine flow rate (in ml/min)	5	100%
Assuming the haematocrit is 45%, what would be the blood volume in litres (rounded to the nearest litre) that corresponds to typical plasma volume?	5	100%
What is the approximate conduction velocity of a myelinated nerve of at least 5µm diameter?	50m/s	100%
What is the approximate conduction velocity of an unmyelinated nerve of at least 5µm diameter?	5m/s	100%
The typical equilibrium potential for Na+ ions (ENa) across the plasmalemma of a resting nerve cell (measured inside relative to outside; in mV) is	60	100%
A person with a steady cardiac output consumed 400mL of oxygen every minute. An arterial blood sample contained 190 mL of O2 per litre of blood, while a sample from the pulmonary artery contained 140 mL of O2 per litre of blood. What was the person's cardiac output?	8L/min	100%
The typical equilibrium potential for K+ ions (EK) across the plasmalemma of a resting nerve cell (measured inside relative to outside; in mV) is	-90	100%
The principal autonomic neurotransmitter released at sympathetic ganglia is	acetylcholine	100%
The velocity of propagation of an action potential in nerve fibres is increased by	a decreased membrane conductance	100%
Spironolactone	Aldosterone receptor	100%
Dobutamine	Beta1 adrenoceptor	100%
Acetazolamide	Carbonic anhydrase	100%
Cholecystokinin is released in response to	chyme	100%
Bile stored in the gall bladder can be released by the hormone	cholecystokinin	100%
Cholecystokinin is released from the	duodenum	100%
Identify a mechanism or drug that would increase glomerular filtration rate	efferent arteriole vasoconstriction	100%
Bile is used for	emulsifying fats	100%
Protein digestion is catalysed by proteases secreted from	exocrine pancreas	100%
Cardiac glycosides may act to increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle by opening voltage gated Na+ channels	false	100%
Cardiac glycosides may act to increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle by inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ pump activity	false	100%
Bile from the liver can be stored in the	gall bladder	100%
Omeprazole	Gastric H+/K+ ATPase	100%
The major anion secreted by pancreatic duct cells is	HCO3-	100%
Hypoproteinemia will cause glomerular filtration rate to	increase	100%
Name an example of an accurate marker of glomerular filtration rate.	inulin	100%
State one assumption you need to make about the dye in order to calculate plasma volume	is not excreted	100%
Salivary secretion contains	K+	100%
A drug that shows 'use-dependent block' of ion-channels is	lidocaine	100%
A typical example of such a drug is	lidocaine	100%
Individual nephrons can control their own glomerular filtration rate (autoregulation) through a process called tubulo-glomerular feedback. The cells that sense the composition of the tubular feedback are	macula densa cells	100%
Raising the extracellular K+ concentration bathing a nerve cell would	make EK less negative (more positive)	100%
Reducing the extracellular concentration of Na+ ions would	make ENa more negative (less positive)	100%
An example of a secondary active ion transporter is	Na+-glucose symporter	100%
The principal post-synaptic receptor sub-type in parasympathetic ganglia is	nicotinic	100%
Accurate markers for glomerular filtration rate must be ... by the glomerulus.	passively filtered	100%
A rise of arterial PCO2 can initially reduce arterial pH by	reacting with arterial water	100%
An example of a primary active ion-transporter is	SERCA	100%
Verapamil has the effect of slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node	slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node	100%
Is a urea clearance 80ml/min larger, the same or smaller than the glomerular filtration rate?	smaller	100%
A rapidly acting, reversible inhibitor of nerve conduction is	tetrodotoxin	100%
This change (hypoproteinemia) in glomerular filtration rate is because of	the fall in plasma oncotic pressure	100%
The net hydrostatic force (Pcap) is most subject to short-term physiological control.	true	100%
Some 20% of the interstitial fluid formed returns to the circulation via the lymphatic system.	true	100%
Cardiac glycosides may act to increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle by increasing cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration	true	100%
Cardiac glycosides may act to increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle by reducing Ca2+ extrusion on sarcolemmal Na+-Ca2+ exchange	true	100%
Cardiac glycosides may act to increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle by inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase activity - True	true	100%
Chemical transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction is blocked by	tubocurarine	100%
A main function of the colon is the net absorption of	water, Na+ and Cl-	100%
In a practical class, a healthy student drank a litre of water in five minutes. Over the next thirty minutes the student produced 150 ml of urine, with a urea concentration of 96 mmol/litre. A blood sample gave a plasma urea concentration of 6 mmol/litre. Calculate urea clearance (in ml/min)	80	0%
An increase in Vagal activity	activates muscarinic receptors in the sino-atrial node	0%
Glucose absorption from the lumen of the intestine is via	apical sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT); basolateral glucose transporter (GLUT)	0%
Noradrenaline released at a noradrenergic synapse is removed from the cleft by	both presynaptic and postsynaptic reuptake	0%
Give three important factors which govern fluid exchange across the endothelial wall of muscle capillaries and the surrounding interstitial space.	capillary filtration coefficient; net hydrostatic force; net oncotic force	0%
The Na+/K+ ATPase is directly inhibited by the drug	cardiac glycoside	0%
A fall of arterial PO2 can stimulate	chemoreceptors in the carotid body	0%
A fall of pulmonary arterial and alveolar PO2	constricts pulmonary arterioles	0%
Administration of an α1 adrenoceptor antagonist (eg. Prazosin) would	decrease arterial blood pressure	0%
Acetylcholine applied to the heart	decreases atrial contractility	0%
Na+/K+ ATPase inhibition causes the following two effects	fall of intracellular K+; rise of intracellular Na+	0%
Stimulation of the sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system would initially	have a positive chronotropic effect on the heart	0%
Is a cardiac output of 8L/min higher, lower or the same as the typical value for an adult 70 kg man at rest?	higher	0%
Renin secretion by juxta-glomerular cells in the kidney	increases Na+ reabsorption by the kidney	0%
Na+-HCO3- co-transporters are expressed	in the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular epithelium	0%
The U-shaped arrangement of the vasa recta blood vessels in the medulla of the kidneys	minimises disruption of the osmotic gradient that exists within the medullary interstitium	0%
Suxamethonium	Neuromuscular junctional nicotonic receptor	0%
NaHCO3 reabsorption by the kidney	raises plasma pH	0%
Drugs which block open or inactivated voltage-gated Na+ channels can	reduce the rate of rise of the ventricular action potential	0%
Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted by	the posterior pituitary gland	0%
Which of the following drugs is a Ca2+ channel antagonist that may be used for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias?	verapapmil	0%