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Hint
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Answer
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Distal
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Body part further away from the site of attachment
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Proximal
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Body part closer to the site of attachment
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Posterior View
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View from the back
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Anterior View
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View from the front
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Flexion
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Angle of the joint is decreased.
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Extension
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Angle of the joint is increased.
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Plantar-flexion
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Toes pointed downwards
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Dorsi-flexion
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Toes pointed upwards
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Inferior
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Lower on the body (towards the toes)
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Superior
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Higher on the body (towards the head).
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ajor functions of muscles
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Movement, Maintenance of posture and muscle tone, Heat production |
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Minor function of muscles
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Protects the bones and internal organs
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The 3 Types of Muscles
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Smooth, cardiac,skeletal
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Movement of Muscles
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muscle move bones by pulling not pushing.
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Movement of skeletal muscle
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biceps contract and flex your arm (agonist), the triceps, relaxes and extend your arm (antagonist).
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The skeleton has two parts:
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Axial,Apendicular
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Functions of the Skeleton
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1.To support the surrounding tissues and give a stable frame to the body.
2. It protects the vital organs and soft tissue.
3. It assists in movement, giving attachment to the muscles and provides leverage.
4. It is a production site for red blood cells in the red marrow of the bones.
5. It stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
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Types of Bones
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Long ,flat , irregular, short ,sesamoid
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examples of each bone
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Long=Femur, Flat=Cranium, Irregular=Pubis, Short=carpal bones, Sesamoid=Patella
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Types of Synovial Joints
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Hinge, saddle, gliding, ball in socket, pivot, Ovoid
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The Anatomical Position
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Head palms and toes all facing forwards.
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Voluntary muscle
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Movement of the muscle is under the control of the person
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involuntary muscle
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Movement of the muscle is not controlled by the person
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Functions of the Cardiovascular System
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1.supply O2 to the cells, particularly muscles 2. supply nutrients to the cells 3.move wastes 4.remove CO2 from the body 5.deliver hormones to tissues to alter their function 6.aid the regulation of temperature of the body |
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What is the circulatory system
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1.The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body, 2.The heart has the job of pumping these things around the body 3.The heart pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes called blood vessels. 4.The heart, blood and blood vessels together make up the Circulatory System. |
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3 types of blood vessels
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Artery,Vein,Capillary
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The heart has four chambers
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2 aortas, 2 ventricles
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The ARTERY
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carry blood away from the heart
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The VEIN
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carry blood towards the heart
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The CAPILLARY
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Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
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What’s in blood?
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red blood cells, digested foods, oxygen, waste, platelets, plasma, hormones, Carbon dioxide, white blood cells
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Cardiac Output (Q) =
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SV x HR
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SV
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Stroke volume
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HR
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Heart rate
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Max heart rate
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220 - age
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RESPIRATION
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The main function is to supply the lungs with O2 and remove the waste gas
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NASAL CAVITY
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To warm and filter the air that passes through
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TRACHEA
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Push air towards the lungs, cilia push unwanted material towards the throat
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DIAPHRAGM
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Expands and contracts the chest cavity
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Hint
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Answer
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Bronchi
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2 tubes that branch out towards the lung tissue
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BRONCHIOLES
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These are further branches of the bronchi. They separate and divide like branches on a tree until they arrive at small sacs
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ALVEOLI
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increase the total surface area available for the air to expose itself to the millions of capillaries
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Muscles of respiration
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Diaphragm, intercostals, External obliques
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6 components of nurtrition
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Carbohydrates
fats
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water |
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CARBOHYDRATES
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Main supply of energy during most types exercise as it’s fast to break down.
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4 types of carbohydrates
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Starchy, complex, fibrous, simple sugar
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PROTEINS
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MADE OF AMINO ACIDS.Necessary for growth and repair, particularly muscles. |
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FATS
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USE FOR INSULATION, PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND ENERGY SOURCE
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2 types of fats
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Saturated, unsaturated
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Saturated
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Animal products, solid at room temp
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Unsaturated
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Oils, liquid at room temp
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VITAMINS
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IMPORTANT FOR ALL BODILY FUNCTIONS.
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MINERALS
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IMPORTANT FOR CELLS TO WORK PROPERLY.
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Carbohydrates 1g = Cals?
Protein 1g =Cals? Fat 1g = Cals? Alcohol 1g = Cals? |
Carbohydrates 1g = 4 cals
Protein 1g = 4 cals
Fat 1g = 9 cals Alcohol 1g = 7cals |
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Water
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Most important nutrient
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Nutrition for sport performance
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Athletes will modify their diet depending on the energy demands of the sport.
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The Glycaemic Index
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Ranks foods from 0-100 according to how much they raise blood sugar over a 2-hour period, compared to pure glucose.
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Low to moderate GI foods
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3-4 days prior to race day , 3 hours prior to the start of endurance activity
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Moderate to high GI foods
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consumed during endurance activities
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High GI foods
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quickly replenish glycogen (carbohydrate) stores during recovery.
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Hypotonic
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less concentrated than the body's fluids(water)
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isotonic
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similar concentration to the body’s fluids (Sports water)
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hypertonic
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Isotonic –These have similar concentration to the body’s fluids(energy drinks)
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3 energy systems
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ATP, Anaerobic glycolisis, Aerobic
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Fuel sources
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Carbohydrates, fats, protein
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What is Carbs stored as
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Glycogen
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What is fats stored as
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Adipose tissue
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What is Protein stored as
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Muscle
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How long does ATP last
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around 10 seconds
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How long does Anaerobic glycolisis last
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around 3 minutes
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How long does Aerobic last
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30+ seconds
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What is "hitting the wall"
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a Sudden cause of fatigue when glycogen stores are depleted
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Lactate inflection point(LIP)
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the highest point at which lactate and H+ production = removal
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3 Types of Fatigue
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Peripheral, central, Thermoregulation
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Peripheral Fatigue
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Fuel depletion(depleted glycogen stores), Build up of metabolic by-products
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Thermoregulation
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Hypothermia, Hyperthermia
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Types of Recovery
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Active Passive Lowering body temperature
Replenish fuel stores Rehydration Removal of metabolic by-products |
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