Definition
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Keyword
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Passing a pathogen from host to new host, with no immediary
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Direct transmission
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Passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual
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Transmission
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A large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old phloem sieve tubes
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Callose
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Specialised epithelial tissue that is covered by mucas
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Mucus membrane
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Swelling and redness of tissue caused by infection
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Inflammation
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Those that prevent pathogens entering the body
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Primary defences
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An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another
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Vector
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A cell that isolates the antigen from a pathogen and places it on the plasma membrane so that it can be recognised by other cells in the immune system
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Antigen-presenting cell
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A microorganism that causes disease
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Pathogen
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Selection of a specific B or T cell that is specific to the antigen
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Clonal selection
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Passing a pathogen from host to new host, via a vector
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Indirect transmission
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A type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a large vacuole (phagosome), which fuses with lysosomes to digest the foreign matter
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Neutrophil
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Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term immunity
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B memory cells
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Proteins that bind to the antigen on a pathogen and then allow phagocytes to bind
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Opsonins
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Specific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens
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Antibodies
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A chemical which prevents the growth of microorganisms
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Antibiotic
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A more rapid and vigorous response caused by a second or subsequent infection by the same pathogen
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Secondary immune response
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A rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of the population
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Epidemic
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Cells that release signalling molecules to stimulate the immune response
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T helper cells
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An increase in the number of cells by mitoic cell division
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Clonal expansion
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The intial response caused by a first infection
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Primary immune response
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Cells that attack and destroy our own body cells that are infected by a pathogen
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T killer cells
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Derived from the B lymphocytes, these are cells that manufacture antibodies
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Plasma cells
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Antibodies that render toxins harmless
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Anti-toxins
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Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term immunity
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T memory cells
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Immunity that is achieved as a result of medical intervention
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Artificial immunity
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Hormone-like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response
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Cytokines
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Signalling molecules that are used to communicate between different white blood cells
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Interleukins
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Antibodies that cause pathogens to stick together
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Agglutinins
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Where the immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies
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Active immunity
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Immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection
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Passive
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Cells that are involved with inhibiting or ending the immune response
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T regulator cells
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A way of stimulating an immune response so that immunity is achieved
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Vaccination
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Using a vaccine to provide immunity to all or almost all of the population at risk
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Herd vaccination
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Immunity that is achieved through normal life processes
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Natural
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Vaccinating all the people i the immediate vicinity of the new case
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Ring vaccination
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