Statistics for Edexcel History 4. The Unification of Germany I

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Question or Term	Answer	% Correct
The number of states in the German Confederation?	39	100%
That Grand Duchy which experienced significant unrest in February 1848, with peasants attacking aristocratic property, and citizens forming an assembly demanding liberal reforms (largely granted) and a bill of rights, sparking a chain reaction of similar events in other German states	Baden	100%
A revolution opposing a former one or reversing its results	Counter-revolution	100%
That war in which Prussia remained neutral thus preserving its relations with Russia, Great Britain, and France	Crimean War	100%
The country in which the 1848 Revolutions began, ultimately leading to the abdication of its monarch in February	France	100%
Members of the landed nobility in Prussia	Junkers	100%
That war in which Austria acted as an anti-Russian non-belligerent, earning it the loss of its alliance with Russia while remaining aloof from Great Britain and France	Crimean War	50%
A solution to the German Question that would include within the borders of a united Germany, all those provinces of the Austrian Empire with a predominantly German speaking population (though some wished to include the whole Austrian Empire), leaving Austria the dominant German power	Großdeutschland Solution	50%
A very centralised constitution adopted in Austria in March 1849 which allowed for a bicameral parliament and moderate reforms though still under a very powerful monarch, abolished in 1851 by Emperor Franz Joseph I in favour of autocracy	March Constitution	50%
A series of revolutions sparked by the July Revolution in Paris that saw some German states acquiesce to pressure and grant more liberal constitutions (where there were existing constitutions)	1830 Revolutions	0%
The decade, during the first half of which, the Prussian Customs Unions' two competing customs unions collapsed with many of their members joining the newly formed Zollverein	1830's	0%
The year in which Prussian, Austrian, and Bavarian outrage over Danish plans to incorporate Schleswig and German Confederation member Holstein into the Kingdom of Denmark, caused the Danish king to abandon the plan	1846	0%
An Austrian agreement with the Catholic Church which gave the latter much greater state influence, alienating Protestants and secularists alike	1855 Concordat	0%
That crisis which was 'solved' after Otto von Bismarck was appointed Minister President of Prussia in 1862 and - after failing spectacularly to ameliorate relations with Parliament - declared Parliament's support for von Roon's Army Reform Bill unnecessary, enforcing it against their will	1860 - 62 Constitutional Crisis	0%
The two consecutive years in which the radical liberal Progressive Party gained successively large majorities in the Prussian lower house against a background of constitutional crisis caused by von Roon's Army Reform Bill	1861 and 1862	0%
The number of those who died on 18th September 1848 when a radical mob tried to storm the Paulskirche, defended by Austrian, Prussian, and Hessian troops, resulting in a reactionary surge within the Frankfurt Parliament	80	0%
An 1849 agreement to join in union (Erfurt Union) between the kings of Prussia, Saxony, and Hanover, the latter two of which reserved the right to abandon said union unless all other German states excluding Austria joined	Alliance of the Three Kings	0%
The four German states most affected by the 1848 Revolutions in alphabetical order	Austria, Baden, Bavaria, and Saxony	0%
That nation that was fearful of the rise of German nationalism due to the belief that it could serve as a catalyst to provoke more persistent nationalist demands from the empire's minorities	Austrian Empire	0%
That country that accrued a crippling budget deficit causing a decline in investment and thus in industrial growth as a result of the 1848 Revolutions and mobilisation during the Crimean War	Austrian Empire	0%
That counter-proposal to a Prussian Union by Austrian Minister President Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg which would including all Austrian crown lands and allow the German rulers to retain more powers	Austro-German Federation	0%
The rallying cry of the anti-1848 Revolution conservatives	Authority not Majority	0%
The conservative Minister President of Prussia from 1850 to 1858 who believed the best way to avoid revolution was to improve the living conditions of peasants and workers, thus prompting sweeping social reforms	Baron Otto von Manteuffel (1805 - 1882)	0%
A large 1813 battle in which principally Russian, Austrian, Prussian, and Swedish forces defeated the French army under Napoleon, leading to the dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine	Battle of Leipzig	0%
Those two states that together had formed a customs union in southern Germany, in alphabetical order	Bavaria and Württemberg	0%
A term used by Karl Marx to refer to the middle classes, usually capitalists, manufacturers, and employers	Bourgeoisie	0%
A November 1850 meeting between Austrian Minister President Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg and Prussian Minister President Otto von Manteuffel in which - under Russian and Austrian pressure - Prussia abandoned and dissolved the Erfurt Union	Capitulation of Olmütz	0%
A series of measures set up in 1819 to counter revolutionary activity as well as to restrict freedom in universities and ban student societies	Carlsbad Decrees	0%
A Marxist analysis of society in which different social classes compete with one another for political control of the state	Class War	0%
A work by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which much inspired some of the middle and working class unrest during the 1848 Revolutions	Communist Manifesto	0%
A confederation of 16 French client states in western, central, and southern Germany from 1806 to 1813	Confederation of the Rhine	0%
An 1820 meeting centred on the topic of revolutions in Iberia and Italy that resulted in Russia, Austria, and Prussia forming a 'Holy Alliance' that would never recognise the 'right of the people to restrict the powers of their king'	Congress of Troppau	0%
A constitution proclaimed by King Frederick William IV in December 1848 after dissolving the Prussian National Assembly that appeased many liberal demands, established a bicameral legislature, but preserved the powers of the king to appoint and dismiss ministers and alter the constitution unilaterally	Constitution of Prussia	0%
A moderate liberal and head of the Austrian State Council who dominated Austria's domestic affairs from 1826 to 1848, being a major opponent of Prince Klemens von Metternich	Count Franz von Kolowrat (1778 - 1861)	0%
He who was made Minister President of Prussia in November 1848 after the replacement of the liberal ministry, who immediately ordered the dissolution of the citizen's militia and the imposition of martial law, practically ending the revolution in Berlin with little resistance	Count of Brandenburg (1792 - 1850)	0%
The phrase reputedly said by King Frederick William IV of Prussia in describing the German crown offered to him by the Frankfurt Parliament, which he refused due to its illegitimacy, and that it would have antagonised other powers and bound him to a constitutional body he had no wish to encourage	Crown from the Gutter	0%
A declaration by 51 representatives from Prussia, Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Nassau, and Frankfurt, published in March 1848 calling for the creation of a German-wide meeting to discuss proposals for political reform	Declaration of Heidelberg	0%
A liberal and nationalist German newspaper founded in 1847	Die Deutsche Zeitung	0%
The idea that the authority of a monarch is directly ordained by God and therefore cannot be challenged or diluted	Divine Right	0%
The factor by which Prussia's population was increased by its territorial gains following the Congress of Vienna	Double	0%
The proportion by which Prussian foreign trade, railway building, and industrial development grew in the 1850's due to plentiful resources of chemicals, coal, iron, &c., good education, the Zollverein, and efficient transport networks	Double	0%
That which could best describe the situation from 1846 to 1847 caused by disastrous corn harvests and severe potato blight - part of the wider hungry forties	Economic Crisis	0%
One of the members of the Erfurt Union, which - after the outbreak of revolution in 1850 - the elector and head of government Hans Hassenpflug requested the Federal Convention intervene causing a diplomatic and small-scale military crisis between Austria and Prussia	Electorate of Hesse	0%
That Prussian dominated union left by some German states such as Saxony and Hanover over the failure of other German states to join it and Austrian opposition against it	Erfurt Union	0%
A Prussian dominated union agreed in March 1850 by 28 German states, convening a parliament that same month	Erfurt Union	0%
That body, convened in May 1850 by Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg to challenge the legitimacy of the Erfurt Parliament	Federal Convention	0%
A diet based in Frankfurt that was little more than a debating chamber where member states protected their own interests and suppressed reform	Federal Convention	0%
That body which was often feckless in achieving anything as it required the unanimous approval of its members for decisions to be passed from 1822 onwards	Federal Convention	0%
The emperor of Austria who issued two manifestos in May and June 1848 which would have transformed the country's Imperial Diet into a directly elected Constituent Assembly	Ferdinand I (1793 - 1875)	0%
The emperor of Austria who abdicated the throne in December 1848 in favour of his nephew Franz Joseph I after uprisings, the failure of his two more liberal manifestos in appeasing protesters, and the defeat of his army in Hungary	Ferdinand I (1793 - 1875)	0%
A set of fundamental rights of the German citizen by the Frankfurt Parliament which were approved and became law in December 1848, including an end to class discrimination, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, equality before the law, etc.	Fifty Articles	0%
That which was denied to most of the Austrian population under the newly drafted constitution of April 1848, causing protesters to reject it	Franchise	0%
The electoral issue that divided the Prussian right-wing liberals and left-wing liberals due to debate over whether or not widening it would invite revolution	Franchise	0%
The 1848 - 1849 elected (mostly via delegates) successor of the Vorparlament, consisting mostly of moderate middle class liberals, with only a minority of radicals, revolutionaries, republicans, or reactionary conservatives, that helped fill the vacuum left by Austrian and Prussian distraction	Frankfurt Parliament	0%
That body which the German rulers were originally willing to accept believing it was the only way to preserve their thrones, only to turn against it once the threat had subsided	Frankfurt Parliament	0%
That body, much weakened due to internal divisions, a lack of legitimacy or international recognition (i.e. France and Russia), being without financial powers or a national army - Prussia being the only state able to fill such a role, Austria and Bavaria having refused - and a lack of popular support or confidence, being in opposition to the industrial code	Frankfurt Parliament	0%
The King of Prussia from 1797 to 1840 who limited liberal reforms, allowing provincial diets in 1823 but not a constitution, continuing to rule autocratically	Frederick William III (1770 - 1840)	0%
The King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861, who was famously unstable, his policy fluctuating widely (relaxing then re-imposing censorship, summoning then dissolving the united diet, &c.) though in part to try and balance the competing demands of liberals and Junkers	Frederick William IV (1795 - 1861)	0%
The king of Prussia who rejected the position of Emperor offered to him by the Frankfurt Parliament in March 1849	Frederick William IV (1795 - 1861)	0%
The Prussian Finance Minister from 1825 to 1830 who extended the Prussian Customs Union and encouraged road building to circumvent the two competing German customs unions in order to facilitate political union under Prussian leadership	Friedrich von Motz (1775 - 1830)	0%
That association of German states which was formally re-established in May 1851 as Prussia and Austria faced too much opposition for their alternatives by Austria and the smaller German states respectively	German Confederation	0%
A loose association of 39 German states - though including some non-German areas and excluding some German ones - founded by the Congress of Vienna under the presidency of Austria and dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866	German Confederation	0%
That incarnation of a German state otherwise known as the Second Reich	German Empire	0%
A 19th century debate over the best path to German unification as well as the borders a united Germany should take	German Question	0%
That incarnation of a German state otherwise known as the Third Reich	German Reich	0%
That ascendant ethnicity within the Austrian Empire that was numerically a minority	Germans	0%
That population which was Europe's most literate in the early to mid 19th century	Germans	0%
That solution to the German Question that the Frankfurt Parliament voted in favour of in October 1848 only for Austrian Minister President Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg to reject it due to the indivisibility of the Austrian Empire	Großdeutschland	0%
An 1832 festival in which 30,000 people gathered to listen to democratic, and German nationalist orators	Hambach Festival	0%
An uprising of republicans and democrats in Baden in April 1848 which was crushed with the support of Bavarian and Prussian troops	Hecker Uprising	0%
An 1847 meeting of various liberal figures from across the German states which met to discuss proposals for democratisation within their territories, including an elected national assembly to control and restrict autocratic monarchs	Hippenhelm Meeting	0%
That incarnation of a German state otherwise known as the First Reich	Holy Roman Empire	0%
Those two regions of the Austrian Empire in which armed rebellion was centred during the 1848 revolutions	Hungary and Lombardy Venetia	0%
A code put forward by the Artisan Congress in Frankfurt during the 1848 revolutions that sought to protect the restrictive nature of the guild system, to opposition from the Frankfurt Parliament, discrediting the latter in the eyes of many artisans and craftsmen	Industrial Code	0%
That process, which was slow in the German Confederation due to the large supply of labour available and small amount of capital for investment in machines, particularly during the crisis of the 1840's	Industrialisation	0%
That which caused living and working conditions to generally decline due to a massive influx of people from the countryside into urban areas	Industrialisation	0%
A solution to the German Question that would include within the borders of a united Germany, all German states though to the exclusion of the entire Austrian Empire, leaving Prussia as the dominant German power	Kleindeutschland Solution	0%
Political views commonly linked to the middle classes and broadly in favour of progress, reform, and free trade, as opposed to absolutism	Liberalism	0%
The month in which King Frederick William IV of Prussia appointed a liberal ministry, and made political concessions including agreeing to summoning a constituent assembly elected by universal suffrage to map out a new Prussian constitution, in response to the 1848 Revolution in Prussia	March	0%
An uprising in Vienna in March 1848 leading to the exile of Minister President Prince Klemens von Metternich and reigniting the previous months demands for reform across the German states including again in Baden	March Revolution	0%
That revolution in which the principal demands were for an elected representative government and the unification of Germany	March Revolution	0%
That social class which particularly resented the restrictions of the political systems in the German states due to their political exclusion, censorship, and the actions of the secret police	Middle Class	0%
That social class, consisting almost entirely of liberals and nationalists who near invariably came to hijack the 1848 revolutions in the German states from the radicals and revolutionaries that usually started it	Middle Class	0%
A customs union designed to compete against the Prussian Customs Union, a goal in which it was unsuccessful due to the actions of Prussian Finance Minister (1825 - 30) Friedrich von Motz	Middle German Commercial Union	0%
That word that could best define German liberalism, centred more on constitutional reform, in comparison to that in France, which was much more revolutionary	Moderate	0%
Identification with one's nation which is held central to all political activity and decision making	Nationalism	0%
The geographic divide within Germany in which the north was Protestant while the south remained Roman Catholic, complicating efforts for German unification	North-South	0%
The number of German states in the Holy Roman Empire at the end of the 18th century?	Over 300	0%
The constitution by the Frankfurt Parliament that many German states felt comfortable rejecting after Frederick William IV's rejection of the position of German Emperor by the said Parliament discredited the liberals	Paulskirche Constitution	0%
A constitution for a German Empire narrowly agreed by the Frankfurt Parliament in March 1849, espousing the kleindeutschland solution, and a bicameral legislature, all headed by a powerful emperor	Paulskirche Constitution	0%
A series of 1648 treaties that ended the Thirty Years War and gave the Holy Roman Empire's constituent states much greater independence from the Habsburg emperors	Peace of Westphalia	0%
A series of food riots in Berlin in 1847	Potato Revolution	0%
The Minister President of Prussia from 1810 to 1822 who instituted a wide range of reforms such as opening the civil service to men of all classes, making elementary education universal, secularisation of church lands, &c.	Prince Karl von Hardenberg (1750 - 1822)	0%
A leading Austrian diplomat, Foreign Minister from 1809 until 1848 and Minister President from 1821 until 1848, known for his abject conservatism, and the political system he led the way in formulating in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars	Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773 - 1859)	0%
He who considered liberalism and nationalism to be the forces of destruction	Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773 - 1859)	0%
He whose - alongside the Austrian Emperor's - initial response to the March Revolution was to send in cavalry to crush the protests, which caused a large scale armed response from the city's working class population	Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773 - 1859)	0%
A name given to the Frankfurt Parliament due to its high proportion of teachers, professors, lawyers, and those with degrees	Professor's Parliament	0%
A term used by Karl Marx to refer to the primarily industrial working classes	Proletariat	0%
The imposition of tariffs on foreign imports so as to protect domestic industry and agriculture, notable for being an Austrian economic policy which isolated them, particularly in comparison to the Prussian controlled Zollverein	Protectionism	0%
That German state which was the dominant economic power by 1848 due in no small part to the Zollverein	Prussia	0%
An indecisive parliament consisting mostly of liberals - though a third of members being radicals - elected in April 1848 under the new Prussian liberal ministry, first meeting in May with the task of drawing up a new constitution, which steadily lost authority and support over the course of the year	Prussian National Assembly	0%
That form of nationalism that the Napoleonic Wars served to inflame more than German nationalism in Prussia?	Prussian Nationalism	0%
An 1848 plan by Prussian General Radowitz with the approval of what was to become the 'Alliance of the Three Kings' to form a federal Reich based on the Paulskirche Constitution under a Prussian emperor with a special relationship with Austria	Prussian Union Plan	0%
An 1840 crisis in which France demanded all that German Confederation territory west of the River Rhine, sparking nationalist fervour amongst German states	Rhine Crisis	0%
That region of Prussia in which was centred a large amount of its industry and resources, which - alongside its central location within the German Confederation - allowed the 1818 Prussian Customs Union to become so succesful	Ruhr	0%
An 1859 war in which France and Sardinia defeated Austria in no small part due to a prolonged lack of military investment and reform, the latter losing much of its Italian territory	Second Italian War of Independence	0%
That body which effectively governed Austria from 1836 to 1848 during the reign of the mentally deficient Emperor Ferdinand I, though was somewhat paralysed by the fierce rivalry between Minister President Prince Klemens von Metternich and head of the Austrian State Council Count Franz von Kolowrat	Secret State Conference	0%
A nationalised Prussian organisation that owned engineering plants, textile mills, and chemical works, involved in exporting goods and trade	Seehandlung	0%
The ability of a territory, nation, people group, &c. to govern and rule itself, as opposed to being controlled by a larger power, as was increasingly demanded by many minorities in the Austrian Empire from the 1840's onwards	Self Determination	0%
The city in which the few remaining members of the Frankfurt Parliament were finally forcibly dispersed from by the Prussian military in June 1849, having been ejected from Frankfurt earlier in the year after the widespread rejection of the Paulskirche Constitution	Stuttgart	0%
That system introduced in 1848 for elections in Prussia in which men aged 21 or over were split into three classes, equal in the amount of tax revenue they paid, elected a third of the Parliament each, with 4.7% of the population in the first class, 12.7% in the second, and 82.6% in the third	Three Class System	0%
That Prussian electoral system which caused much over-representation of middle class liberals within the electorate and in the legislature	Three Class System	0%
A treaty following the First Schleswig War in 1848 that forced Prussia and the Frankfurt Parliament to accept the Danish annexation of Schleswig, losing the latter much public support	Treaty of Malmö	0%
Those geographic areas of high population density within the German states in which the 1848 Revolutions were centred	Urban areas	0%
An 1860 bill to double the size of the active Prussian army, increase service from two to three years, and reduce the role of the popular but inefficient reserve (Landwehr) which was defeated by Parliament multiple times	von Roon's Army Reform Bill	0%
The period from 1815 to the outbreak of the March 1848 revolutions in Berlin and Vienna, characterised by reactionary politics and repression	Vormärz	0%
A pre-parliament formed by 51 representatives of 6 German states in Heidelberg that prepared the way for a permanent German-wide parliament during the 1848 Revolutions, passing a resolution for an all-German National Assembly in April as well as some democratic reforms	Vorparlament	0%
An 1817 festival celebrating the tercentenary of Luther's stand against the Pope and the fourth anniversary of victory at Leipzig that 500 nationalist students turned into a demonstration against the German princes	Wartburg Festival	0%
The King of Prussia from 1861 to 1888 - later Emperor of Germany - who was a devout Protestant and absolutist, appointing a joint liberal and conservative ministry on becoming regent in 1858, though allowing it no significant role in government	William I (1797 - 1888)	0%
An 1849 proposal by Austrian Minister President Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg to establish a customs union between Austria and the Zollverein which - like his later 1851 proposal for a customs union of German states then outside the Zollverein - failed to materialise	Zollunion	0%
A customs union of many German Confederation states though notably not Austria, which was founded under Prussian leadership in 1834 to facilitate trade between the German states, growing over the 1840's and 50's to include practically all of Germany	Zollverein	0%