General Systems Theory

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Last updated: August 29, 2023

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First submitted	August 29, 2023
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Hint	Answer
Determines if an object belongs to a system	Set
Elements of the system	Objects
Parts of the system	Static viewpoint
Basic functions performed by the parts	Functional viewpoint
Four parts of a Control System	Control Object, detector, comparator, effector
Three types of objects	Inputs, processes, outputs
Three types of inputs	Serial, probable, feedback
Three types of outputs	Consumed by other systems, consumed by focal system, waste
Three types of relationships	Symbiotic, synergistic, redundant
Two types of attributes	Defining, accompanying
Three degrees of change	Stable, dynamic, turbulent
Output of prior system becomes input	Serial
Output from multiple prior systems is selected	Probable
Input came from current system	Feedback
Current system	Focal system
Result of systems operations	Output
Purpose for which systems exist	Output
Bonds between objects	Relationships
Systems cannot function alone	Symbiotic
Systems work together at higher efficiency	Synergistic
Duplicate existing systems as a backup	Redundant
Properties of both objects and relationships which show qualitative features	Attributes
Essential to the identity of the object or relationship	Defining
Not essential towards identity of object or relationship	Accompanying
Outside focal system, not controllable by focal system	Environment
West Churchman's environmental determination Question 1	Is the factor system relevant?
West Churchman's environmental determination Question 2	Is the factor system controllable?
Implies the ability to make an object do as you desire	Control
Ability to exert pressure on decision-makers without guaranteed results	Influence

Hint	Answer
Structurally and functionally complete	Whole
Characteristics of System Complexity 1	Number of elements
Characteristics of System Complexity 2	Attributes of elements
Characteristics of System Complexity 3	Interactions among elements
Characteristics of System Complexity 4	Degree of organization
Reassembly of parts previously broken down	Synthesis
Examination of the whole and how a system functions in a goal directed manner with its environment	Systems Approach
Systems that are larger than and contain the focal system	Suprasystems
Systems smaller than and contained by focal systems	Subsystems
Used on system components within the system boundary	Control Theory
A control subsystem must be at least as complex as the system it is trying to control	Ashby's Law of Requisite Variety
A real goal requires all other goals to be sacrificed	Churchman's Principle of Primacy
Deviation amplifying	Positive feedback
Deviation counteracting	Negative feedback
Condition of a system	State/level
Factors that alter conditions and rate of alternation	Rates
Factor to be controlled	Control Object / variable
Senses state of control object	Detector
Compares condition and determines if corrective action is necessary	Comparator
Subsystem that takes corrective action	Effector
Focused on achieving effectiveness and efficiency	Mechanistic Organization
Focused on achieving adaptability	Organic Organizations
Used on factors outside the system boundary	Environmental Scanning
Two modes of Environmental Scanning	Passive (surveillance), active (search)
Taking notice of information that is found without a goal	Viewing
Taking notice of information that is found with a goal	Monitoring
Seeking info about a topic with a goal	Investigating
Structured approach to address carefully defined problem or info needed	Research

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