Hint
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Answer
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Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the ___ basis of cognition
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physiological
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Neuron doctrine is the idea that ___ cells transmit ___ in the nervous system and that these cells are ___ with other cells
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individual, signals, not continuous
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Cell body: the metabolic ___ of the neuron, it contains mechanisms to keep the cell ___
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center, alive
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Dendrites: ___ out ___ the cell body to ___ signals from other neurons
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branch, from, receive
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Axons: long processes that ___ signals ___ other neurons
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transmit, to
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Synapse: small ___ between the end of a neuron's ___ and the ___ of another neurons
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gap, axon, dendrites
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Neural circuits: neurons are not conneced ___ but form connections only to ___ neurons --> groups of ___ neurons, which together form neural circuits
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arbitrarily, specific, interconnected
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Receptors: neurons that are ___ to pick up information from the ___
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specialized, environment
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Resting Potential: ___ in the neuron of -70mV
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voltage
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Action Potential: when nerve ___ is transmitted down the ___, the charge inside the ___ rises to +40mV, then charge reverses course and becomes negative again, lasts for 1 millisecond, travels all the way down the axon without changing ___/___
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impulse, axon, axon, height, shape
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Neurotransmitter: when action potentials reach the ___ at the end of the axon, a chemical called a neurotransmitter is released, which transmits the signal across the synapse to another neuron
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synapse
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Synaptic transmission is ___ and not ___, this is the moment at which signals can be ___ and ___
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biochemical, electric, changed, managed
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___ and ___ of action potentials are consistent, but ___ rate can change (how close nerve impulses are together) --> the magnitude of experiences is related to the firing rate
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height, shape, firing
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Principle of neural representation: everything a person ___ is based not on ___ contact with stimuli, but on ___ in the person's nervous system
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experiences, direct, representation
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Representation by single neurons in the visual system (CS): presented visual stimuli to cats to see which ___ cause a specific ___ to fire, each ___ in the visual area of the cortex responded to a ___ type of stimulation presented to a small area of the retina --> feature detectors
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stimuli, neuron, neuron, specific
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Feature detectors are in the ___ cortex, a tree for example is represented by the ___ respones of many feature detectors
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visual, combined
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Representation by neurons (CS): recorded ___ from individual ___ in a monkey's temporal lobe while a variety of different ___ were presented on a screen, those neurons reacted to ___ stimuli
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activity, neurons, stimuli, complex
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Neurons in the visual cortex respond to ___ stimuli like ___
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simple, bars
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Neurons in the temporal lobe respond to ___ geometrical stimuli
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complex
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Neurons in another area of the ___ lobe respond to ___ shapes or ___
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temporal, hand, faces
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Hint
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Answer
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Hierarchical processing: neurons in the ___ cortex send their axons to ___ levels of the visual system, where signals from many neurons ___ and ___. These then send signals to even higher areas, etc.
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visual, higher, combine, interact
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Sensory coding: how neurons represent various characteristics of the ___
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environment
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Specifity coding: an object is represented by the firing of a ___ neuron that responds to only that object
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specialized
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Population coding: an object is represented by the firing of a ___ number of neurons
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large
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Sparse coding: an object is represented by the firing of only a ___ group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent
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small
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Localization: specific functions are served by specific ___ of the brain
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areas
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Cerebral cortex: layer of tissue about 3mm thick that ___ the brain, most of the cognitive functions are served by this
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covers
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Broca's area: area in the ___ ___ lobe, specialized for ___ (producing ___)
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left, frontal, speech, language
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Wernicke's area: area in the ___ lobe, responsible for language ___
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temporal, comprehension
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Occipital lobe: at the ___ of the head, ___ cortex which receives signals from our ___ is in the temporal lobe
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back, visual, eyes
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Temporal lobe: ___ cortex which receives signals from the ___ and is responsible for ___, areas in the ___ temporal lobe are associated with the processing of ___ visual information
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auditory, ears, hearing, lower, complex
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Parietal lobe: ___ cortex which receives signals from the ___ and is responsible for perceptions of ___, pressure and ___
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somatosensory, skin, touch, pain
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Frontal lobe: receives signals from all of the ___ and is responsible for ___ of the senses, higher cognitive functions like ___ and problem ___
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senses, coordination, thinking, solving
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Double dissociation: occurs if damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be ___ while function B is ___, and damage to another area causes function B to be ___ while function A is ___
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absent, present, absent, present
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fMRI (function magnetic resonance imaging): takes advantage of the fact that blood flow ___ in areas of the brain ___ by a cognitive task, haemoglobin molecules carries oxygen, which has ___ properties. Haemoglobin molecules lose some of the oxygen in areas of ___ brain activity --> makes haemoglobin more magnetic. Thus, the fMRI apparatus determines the ___ activity of various areas of the brain by detecting changes in the ___ response of the haemoglobin
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increases, activated, magnetic, high, relative, magnetic
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Fusiform face area (FFA): activated by looking at pictures of __
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faces
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Parahippocampal place area (PPA): activated by perceiving pictures representing ___ and ___ scenes
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indoor, outdoor
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Extrastriate body area (EBA): activated by pictures of (parts of) ___, but not by ___
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bodies, faces
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Distributed representation: the idea that specific ___ functions activate ___ areas of the brain (there is more to a face than just recognizing it)
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cognitive, many
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Neural Networks: ___ of neurons that are ___
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groups, connected
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