Short-term and Working Memory (5)

Memory: process involved in ___, ___ and using information about stimuli, ___, ___, ideas, and skills after the ___ information is no longer ___, is active any time some ___ experience affects the way you ___ or ___ now or in the future

Sensory memory: when a sensory stimulation is presented ___, your perception continues for a fraction of a second (flashing face in the dark)

Short-term memory or working memory: information that stays in our memory for ___ periods, about ___ seconds if we don't repeat it, stores ___ amount of information

Long-term memory: responsible for storing information for ___ periods of time, can extend from ___ to a ___

Episodic memory: long-term meories of ___ of the past

Procedural memory: ability to ride a ___ or do any of the other things that involve ___ coordination (long-term memory)

Semantic memory: long-term memory of ___ such as an address or a ___ or ___

Modal Model of Memory proposes three types of memory: 1. Sensory memory is an ___ stage that holds all information for a second, 2. Short-term memory holds ___ items for about ___ seconds, 3. Long-term memory can hold a ___ amount of information for ___ or even ___

Modal Model proposed control processes: ___ processes associated with the structural features (memory types) that can be ___ by the person and may differ from one task to another (e.g. rehearsal)

Persistence of vision is the ___ perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer ___

Classic study: participant was briefly presented with picture of 12 ___, if they should ___ remember the letters they remembered more than if there was a ___

Duration of STM (Classic Study): participants should recall three-letter ___ even after counting for 3 seconds (--> remembered ___% of the groups) or after counting for 18 seconds (---> remembered ___% of the groups), was it due to forgetting over the span of 15 seconds or because of proactive inference?

Proactive interference occurs when information that was learned previously interferes with learning ___ information (e.g. learning a ___ number of French vocabulary words makes it more ___ to learn a list of Spanish vocabulary words a little later)

Retroactive interference occurs when new learning interferes with ___ old learning (e.g. learning Spanish makes it more ___ to remember the French words you had learned earlier)

Digit span: measure of the ___ of STM, the number of ___ a person can remember

Average capacity: ___ items

Chunking: if the to-be-remembered information allows chunking (groups), then the capacity of STM can be ___

Change detection: colored squares presented, then black screen, then other colored squares, are they the same? Limit at 3-4 items, better to detect STM because no ___ or verbalized ___ possible

Working memory: a limited system for ___ storage and ___ of information that occurs during complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning (e.g. remembering numbers while reading a paragraph)

Three components of working memory proposed by Baddeley: 1. Phonological loop (store has limited ___ and holds information for only a few ___, articulatory rehearsel process holds ___ and ___ information; is responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying), 2. Visuospatial sketch pad (holds ___ and ___ information), 3. Central Executive (1&2 are both attached to the CE; pulls information from ___, ___ activity of 1&2 by focusing on specific parts of a task and deciding how to divide ___ between different tasks)

Phonological similarity effect (PL): confusion of letters or words that sound ___

Word length effect (PL): our memory for lists of words is better for ___ words than for ___ words

Articulatory suppression (PL): when articulatory rehearsal process is ___ during the rehearsal, it reduces ___ because speaking intereres with rehearsel

Visuospatial sketch pad creates visual ___ in the mind in the ___ of ___ visual stimulus

Mental rotation: rotating an object in one's ___, example of VSP

The central executive: ___ how information is used by PL and VSP, controls ___

Limitations to Baddeley's model: WM can hold ___ information than would be expected based on just the PL or VSP, e.g. through chunking, which is also related to ___-term memory

Proposed episodic buffer as an additional component: can store information (extra ___), is connected to the ___-term memory (making ___ between WM and LTM possible