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Definition
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Term
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Verbal communication which serves a social function rather than to provide information. These are often used for greetings and saying goodbye. E.g. What’s up? |
phatic language / phatic speech
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Correcting/repeating/rephrasing/checking for clarification to make an utterance more intelligible e.g. What I mean to say is… To put it another way…. |
repair strategy
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The replacing of a noun phrase with a single word in order to avoid repetition > increases cohesion
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substitution
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Listening whose primary aim is to gain information e.g. listening to a weather report |
transactional listening
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A feature of discourse that indicates a shift in topic or conversational focus. e.g. look….. right….. |
transactional marker
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An occurrence of two consecutive turns where the first turn determines the second. e.g. question/answer problem/advice |
adjacency pair
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The use of a pronoun or determiner to refer back to something stated earlier in a text >> increases cohesion e.g. ‘Where’s my sweater?’ ‘I put it in your wardrobe’ |
anaphoric reference
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Verbal signals given by the listener to express attention, interest e.g. yeah, sure, of course |
back-channelling
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The use of a pronoun or determiner to refer forward to something stated later in a text >> increases cohesion e.g. That’s him! My sister’s husband. |
cataphoric reference
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The use of grammatical and lexical means to achieve connected text, either written or spoken. e.g. substitution, ellipsis |
cohesion
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A device used in discourse to connect ideas of different parts of a text. It can include reference or linking words, substitution, and ellipsis. e.g. I loved that dog. It was my pet. |
cohesive device
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A spoken language item that functions to orient the listener to what will follow: Initiate a turn (right….. now…..) Indicate some change of direction (well…) Appeal to the listener (you know?) |
discourse marker
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Omitting a word or phrase because: It is unnecessary Can be inferred from context e.g. ‘Is the supermarket open?’ ‘No, but the corner shop is ().’ |
ellipsis
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Refers to something outside of the immediate linguistic context. Often the reader/listener will have shared knowledge of the referent. e.g. I’m going to meet him there tomorrow. (e.g. on a random note you find with no further information provided - no shared knowledge) e.g. ‘I’m going to the beach tomorrow. Do you want to come?’ (both parties know which beach is being referred to, likely because there is only 1 close by) |
exophoric reference
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Language used by speakers to avoid frequent / long pauses, to hold the floor, or to gain thinking time. e.g. um, well, you know |
filler
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The use of tentative lexis or grammar to lessen the definitiveness of a statement. Often used in an academic context. e.g. The scientists have suggested that this evidence could be used to prove… |
hedging
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The speaker’s intention when producing an utterance. e.g. The phone’s ringing. (Are you going to answer it?) |
illocutionary force
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Listening whose main aim is to establish, maintain, and build social relations. There is little real exchange of information/facts. e.g. Phatic talk: ‘how are your kids?’ |
interactional listening
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The literal meaning of an utterance. e.g. The weather’s nice. (simple statement of fact) |
locutionary force
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A balance within one or more sentences of similar clauses that have the same grammatical structure. e.g. I opened up my pencil case, took out my pen, and wrote down my answer. e.g. I came, I saw, I conquered. |
parallelism
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