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hint
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author
|
date
|
methods
|
|
Risk of schizophrenia 2.5fold higher if born in Copenhagen versus rural areas
|
Mortensen
|
1999
|
-
|
|
Positive correlation between the potency of antipsychotics and D2 binding
|
Seeman
|
1976
|
-
|
|
alpha versus beta flupenthixol --> only alpha isomer has D2 binding activity and subsequently only alpha isomer has antipsychotic effects
|
Johnstone
|
1978
|
-
|
|
Uptake of [18F] DOPA increased in individuals with prodromal symptoms
|
Howes
|
2009
|
PET
|
|
Decreased DA release in dorsolateral PFC of schizophrenic patients although not associated with negative symptoms
|
Slifstein
|
2015
|
PET--> amphetamine induced DA release in dorsolateral PFC
|
|
Argument that central DA role is to mediate salience: hyperdopaminergia would lead to aberrant assignment of salience
|
Kapur
|
2003
|
-
|
|
Decreased NMDAR transmission in hippocampal slices with ErbB4 knockdown
|
Li
|
2007
|
CA3-CA1 pathway: RNAi ErbB4 knockdown
|
|
Increased glutamine levels in anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic patients
|
Bustillo
|
2014
|
-
|
|
MGE neurons electroplated with dominant negative ErbB4 --> largely unresponsive to cortical attractant; ErbB4 mouse mutants have fewer migrating interneurons
|
Flames
|
2004
|
Electroporation, calbindin immunohistochemistry to look at migrating interneurons
|
|
Increased amygdala activation in patients with PTSD when shown cues
|
Bremner
|
1999
|
PET
|
|
Increased strength of connectivity in anterior orbitofrontal cortex and ventral caudate/NAc in individuals with OCD
|
Harrison
|
2009
|
fMRI
|
|
Optogenetic stimulation of cortical glutamate neurons increased ventromedial striatal neutron firing and increased OCD-like behaviour
|
Ahmari
|
2013
|
ChR2 in cortical glutamatergic neurons
|
|
Decreased benzodiazepine site binding in medication-free panic disorder patients
|
Malizia
|
1998
|
PET
|
|
gamma2 GABA-A subunit +/- mice had decreased GABA-A receptor function and increased anxiety behaviour
|
Crestani
|
1999
|
|
|
A GABA-A alpha3 selective agonist had anxiolytic effects without usual side effects
|
Dias
|
2005
|
|
|
5-HT2AR -/- mice had decreased anxiety-like behaviour
|
Weisstaub
|
2006
|
|
|
Individuals with short 5-HTT allele polymorphism had increased amygdala activation
|
Hairiri
|
2002
|
BOLD fMRI
|
|
pet1 -/- mice (pet1 important in differentiation of 5-HT neurons) have fewer serotonergic neurons, increased anxiety-like behaviour
|
Hendricks
|
2003
|
|
|
Stimulation of VTA in rats upon lever pressing led to addiction
|
Olds
|
1954
|
electrode stimulation
|
|
Optogenetic stimulation of DAergic mesolimbic neurons upon lever press--> addiction
|
Pascoli
|
2015
|
ChR2 in mice DAergic mesolimbic neurons--> laser VTA stimulation
|
|
Place paradigm using optogenetics--> mice showed preference for chamber with VTA stimulation
|
Tsai
|
2009
|
Same optogenetics as Pascoli
|
|
Nicotine desensitised nAChRs on GABAergic inputs more than glutamatergic inputs, and so enhances excitation of DAergic neurons
|
Mansvelder
|
2002
|
Rat brain sections with VTA, applied nicotine
|
|
Nicotine increased DA release during high-frequency firing patterns, more than low-frequency--> high-freq. associated with reward
|
Rice
|
2004
|
Guinea pig NAc, cholinergic inputs desensitised with nicotine
|
|
Greater DAergic VTA firing if the reward is higher than expected, leading to positive reinforcement and greater firing next time cue is presented; vice versa
|
Schultz
|
1997
|
Monkeys reward association task
|
|
Increased DA in NAc upon cue presentation
|
Day
|
2007
|
Pavlovian conditioning using sucrose reward in mice
|
|
Increased D2 PET signal in dorsal striatum of cocaine addicts shown scenes of drug purchase/preparation
|
Volkow
|
2005
|
PET in dorsal striatum using 11[C] raclopride
|
|
Amount of current required for action potential significantly greater in shock-resistant cocaine-addicted rats; Photoactivation of ChR2 in prelimbic cortex led to increased PFC activity reducing compulsive cocaine-seeking behaviour
|
Chen
|
2013
|
Whole cell recordings of pyramidal neurons in prelimbic cortex; optogenetic photo activation of prelimbic cortex
|
|
LTD contributes to prefrontal-stratal hyperactivity in addiction
|
Thomas
|
2001
|
-
|
|
Increased dendritic length, decreased spine density in PFC, NAc of amphetamine-treated rats
|
Robinson
|
1997
|
-
|
|
Persistent increased BDNF expression in VTA, NAc associated with cue-induced cocaine craving tests
|
Grimm
|
2003
|
ELISAs
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