Question
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Answer
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Which Empire had controlled Egypt since 1517?
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Ottoman Empire
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What did the decline of this Empire create in areas around north Africa?
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Power vacuum
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Which Prime Minister decided to intervene in Egypt?
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Gladstone
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In what year was the Suez Canal completed?
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1869
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Which Prime Minister decided to purchase the Suez Canal shares?
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Benjamin Disraeli
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Name the Khedive in 1875?
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Ishmail
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Name the Khedive in 1876?
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Tewfik
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By how much had Egyptian debt increased between 1863 and 1870? (In pounds)
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3 Million to 100 Million
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What things did the British and French do as part of their system of Dual Control? (1)
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Supervise spending
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What things did the British and French do as part of their system of Dual Control? (2)
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Cuts to army staff and pay
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What did Arabi Pasha do in 1879? (1)
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Staged a successful coup
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What did Arabi Pasha do in 1879? (2)
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Installed a nationalist cabinet under Tewfik
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How much did he borrow from the Rothschilds to reverse cuts to the Egyptian Army? (In pounds)
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40,000
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How many Europeans died in Anti-Christian riots in Alexandria 1882?
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50
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What percentage of shipping passing through the Suez Canal was British?
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80%
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What 2 projects had British investors and bond holders financed in Egypt? (1)
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Harbor building
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What 2 projects had British investors and bond holders financed in Egypt? (2)
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Railways
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What percentage of Egyptian exports did the British purchase?
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80%
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What resource made up most of the Egyptian exports to Britain?
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Cotton
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How much of Gladstone’s personal wealth was invested in Egypt?
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37%
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What were the reasons the French did not follow through with the Gambetta Note in 1882? (1)
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Change in public opinion & leadership
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What were the reasons the French did not follow through with the Gambetta Note in 1882? (2)
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Bismarck told them no
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When was Arabi Pasha exiled to Ceylon having been captured in September 1882? (Month & Year)
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December 1882
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What name do we give to Britain’s occupation of Egypt?
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Veiled protectorate
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How many times did the British promise to leave Egypt?
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60+
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Who was the new Consul General?
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Sir Evelyn Baring
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What two reforms did he want to make? (1)
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Make Egypt solvent
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What two reforms did he want to make? (2)
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Protect the irrigation of the cotton fields in the Nile delta
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Who was the leader of the radical Islamist movement in Sudan?
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The Mahdi
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Who was sent as Governor of Sudan in 1873?
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General Charles Gordon
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Who led a military campaign against the Islamist leader?
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Sir William Hicks
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How many survived out of the 8000 that were on this campaign in 1883?
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300
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Who became the new Prime Minister after the fall of Liberalism in Britain?
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Lord Salisbury
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Why should Baring be described as racist?
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He said he “had no time for the oriental mind”
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In what way was his vision for Egypt not compatible with what Gladstone and Salisbury wanted to do?
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Made them stay in Egypt when official policy was to leave
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Name 2 achievements of Baring in Egypt? (1)
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Egypt was solvent
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Name 2 achievements of Baring in Egypt? (2)
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Investments secure
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Name 2 failures of Baring Egypt. (1)
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Tax burden fell on the poorest
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Name 2 failures of Baring Egypt. (2)
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No changes to education system
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When did Baring leave Egypt?
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1907
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What does it mean that Egypt was “solvent” under Baring?
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Debts paid off
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How did the relationship changed between Egypt and the Sudan in the 19th Century?
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Egypt resorted to formal occupation rather than charging the Sudanese a tribute
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When was Gordon first appointed Governor of the Equatorial Provinces by Ismail Pasha?
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1873
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In what way did Gordon actually make things worse in the Sudan? (1)
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Destabilised the country by removing slave traders
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In what way did Gordon actually make things worse in the Sudan? (2)
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Created a mini power vacuum into which the Mahdi stepped
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When did he retire to England?
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1880
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What was Gladstone’s solution to the problems in the Sudan?
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Leave
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In what year was Gordon sent, for the second time, to carry out Gladstone’s instructions?
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1884
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On what date did the Mahdist forces successfully break into Khartoum? (Month and Year)
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January 1885
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Give two reasons why Gordon’s orders are seen as contradictory? (1)
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Came from both Baring and the foreign office
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Give two reasons why Gordon’s orders are seen as contradictory? (2)
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Foreign office orders muddled
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (1)
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Ended the Taiping rebellion
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (2)
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Dedicated to improving the lives of young boys in his hometown
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (3)
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Thought he found various religious sites
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (4)
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Effective in Crimea
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (1)
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Wanted to end slave trade
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (2)
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Hatred for Mahdi
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (3)
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Thought he was doing God’s work
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (4)
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Did not believe Britain should leave the Sudan
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How late was Gladstone’s relief expedition, which failed to rescue Gordon?
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2 Days
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What nickname did Gladstone earn for failing to rescue Gordon?
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Murdered of Gordon
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True or false. Gladstone changed his mind immediately after Gordon’s death, and ordered the reconquest of the Sudan.
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False
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Name an important General who was inspired by Gordon.
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Kitchener
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Name a way in which Gordon’s legacy made a lasting impression on the British public.
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Desire to avenge Gordon
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When did the Mahdi die?
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6 Months after the siege of Khartoum
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How did the Mahdi die?
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Typhus
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He saw his death coming. What did he do?
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Appointed 3 lieutenants to rule in his stead
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In what year did Lord Salisbury order the reconquest of Sudan?
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1896
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What did he worry the French were trying to do?
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Control the source of the Nile
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What was the second concern expressed by Salisbury?
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The resurgent Mahdist forces
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What happened to the Italians in 1896 that further convinced Salsbury that a show of European force in Africa was necessary?
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Defeated at the battle of Awadh
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Where was Kitchener heading (initially)?
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Dongola
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What kind of tactics was Kitchener ordered to use?
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Slow & steady
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What was Kitchener ordered to do with his supply lines?
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Never stretch or break them
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When did Britain declare the whole of the Nile Valley to be within her “sphere of influence”?
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1890
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Who was ok with this?
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Germans and all other nations
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Who was not?
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France
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What were the competing British and French objectives in Africa?
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Britain to link colonies in north to south, French to link east to west
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Where did the British and French meet?
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Fashoda
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Who was in charge of the 120 strong French detachment?
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Major Marchand
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What were Kitchener’s sealed orders, which he read when he encountered this group?
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Control the Nile Valley
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What did both sides agree to do?
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Refer the issue to London and Paris respectively
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How did Kitchener diffuse the situation?
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Left the French flag in place
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What did they do, instead of going to War?
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Had a party
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Why did France eventually back down after Fashoda? (1)
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Internal political struggles
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Why did France eventually back down after Fashoda? (2)
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British naval dominance
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How was Kitchener different to Gordon?
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Very methodical and by the book
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Which two Madhist bases did Kitchener capture in 1896?
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Ferkeh and Atbara
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What did Salisbury do as a result of these victories?
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Extended the initial objective of Dongola to the whole of the Sudan
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What did Kitchener hold in Khartoum?
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A funeral for Gordon
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What did he do with the remains of the Mahdi?
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Threw the bones in the Nile and kept his skull
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How did Parliament and Baring feel about these actions?
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Unacceptable, ordered tomb resealed
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What was was Kitchener given command in, which he held until his death?
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WW1
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What is his most controversial act? (not needed for the spec but certainly worth knowing!)
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Invented concentration camps
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Which new weapon of war did the British have with them as they approached Omdurman in 1898?
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Maxim gun
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How many Mahdi died in the ensuing battle?
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10,000
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How many British died at Omdurman?
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47
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How did Churchill feel about this battle?
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Did not like it, found Kitchener merciless
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What does the treatment of the French at Fashoda and the treatment of the Mahdi at Omdurman show?
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Vast difference between how the British treated white people vs black people
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