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chivalry thesis - men are socialised to protect not arrest women so CJS nice to women
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Pollak
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found women are less likely to be jailed for similar cases in study of over 3000 cases
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Hood
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review of self report studies found women are not treated more leniently by the CJS
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Box
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observed 2x as many men shoplifting as women despite stats saying there's equal rates
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Buckle + Farrington
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a woman suffers, on average, 35 assaults before reporting domestic violence
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Yearnshire
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magistrate perception of female defendants based on typical gender roles
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Stewart
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criminal justice system is patriarchal + victim blaming when dealing with rape cases
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Smart
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women seen as less respectable punished more harshly than women seen as respectable
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Carlen
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functionalist sex role theory - boys don't have male socialisation role model so join gangs
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Parsons
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criticise sex role theory for biological assumptions in men/womens best suited roles
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Oakley
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control theory - patriarchal control mean women have less opportunity to commit crime
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Heidensohn
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many violent attacks come from mens dissatisfaction with their wives domestic duties
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Dobash + Dobash
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class + gender deals - if reward is unavailable/not seen as worth it, women turn to crime
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Carlen
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liberation thesis - as women become liberated from patriarchy, they'll commit more crime
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Adler
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policy of mandatory arrests for domestic violence distort female stats as couples fight
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Chesney-Lind
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CJS professionals influenced by media stereotypes of "ladettes" - moral panic
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Sharpe
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self report studies show white + blacks have similar rates of offending + Asians lower
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Graham + Bowling
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left realist view - stats real crime due to relative deprivation, marginalisation + subcultures
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Lea + Young
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myth of black criminality - racist stereotypes acted on by CJS + black crime is resistance
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Gilroy
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ethnic minorities scapegoat when unrest at capitalism - deviance amplification so stats
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Hall et al
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bobo doll experiment - people copy the actions of violent role models
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Bandura
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self report studies - smaller gender differences in crime that official stats show
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Graham + Bowling
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offending is biological + innate not sociological, there are very few born female criminals
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Ferrero
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