APWH Unit 7 Vocab

(1910-1920 AD) Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform, especially against neocolonialism; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort; prime example is domestic effort during WWI, characterizes the war effort in both world wars

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

The economic crisis beginning with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; had far-reaching global economic effects including further hindering countries recovering from WWI

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression in the United States; an example of a government taking greater economic control

An anti-capitalist economy where government controlled corporations and had political influence through them; all corporate activity was funneled through the goals of the state

Plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy; wanted to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI; tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace; it was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined; essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision

Group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800s to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

A nuclear weapon developed in the United States in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission; first used during WWII on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Bombs dropped on Germany and Japan with the intention to spread fires and take down cities

The systemic targeting and elimination of a Christian minority group by the Ottoman Turks from 1915-1917; the Armenians were awarded their own nation-state after the Treaty of Versailles, but Turkey to this day does not recognize this event

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy; it called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917

WWI alliance system; the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

WWI alliance system; the alliance of Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and eventually the United States amongst other small countries

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war; opposed by the US; quickly led to severe depression in Germany after WWI

Meeting after the end of WWI at Versailles to negotiate repercussions of the war; terms included German guilt for war, reparations, League of Nations, colonial losses, and institution of mandate system in Middle East; Germany had no role in negotiations which led to postwar bitterness, sowing seeds for fascist movements

Series of proposals in which American president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I; created the League of Nations

The new German republic after WWI; overwhelmed by reparations and were unable to address growing hyperinflation; became seriously threatened by alternative political movements based on communism and fascism

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield; used primarily during WWI

To run or organize a farm according to the principles of united control; often used by Communist countries to expedite industrial and agricultural production resulting in shortages

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

(1893-1976) The leader of the Communist party in China that overthrew the Nationalist party that had taken power from the Ming Dynasty; established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976

Ruled Mexico for 35 years, welcomed foreign investors which benefitted wealthy land owners, resigned in 1911 due to pressure from liberal reformer Francisco Madero

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state; known as the "father of the Turks" who introduced reforms like public education and women's suffrage

Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms; led the nationalist revolt in 1911 that led to the fall of the Qing Dynasty; believed in expelling foreign capitalists in order to build Chinese self-sufficiency and a fair economic system to the poor

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917; triggered the withdrawal of Russian forces from World War I; eventually led to the installation of communist Bolshevik rule under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR; believed in a communist system of government that was administered by a committee of educated experts, making it somewhat different than a Marxist form of society

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914; his murder was one of the causes of WWI because of the combination of growing nationalism in the Balkans and the pre-war alliance system

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves; a motivating factor for conflict in southeast Europe due to the growing power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

Secret German message to Mexico (intercepted by the US) which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Mexican-American War; helped trigger the American entrance into the war

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration; allowed for limited capitalist measures encouraging individual incentive

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms; also advocated for cutting taxes in order to encourage consumer spending as well

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini; was victorious during the Spanish Civil War

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea; it is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation; grew in scope after the creation of the mandate system after WWI

A region of the Middle East commonly known as "the Holy Land"; the Balfour Declaration stated that this region should become a permanent home for the Jewish people, but left unresolved how to combine the Jews with the Palestinian people

An event in which Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India; proceeded to make salt at the beach

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference; seen as a movement that helped make communism a possible alternative to the nationalist government

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China; the Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek; perseverance shown by Communists helped endear themselves to many Chinese peasants

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945); his fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement; signed the Munich agreement with Hitler that awarded the Nazis the Sudetenland with assurances the German aggression would end

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other; this allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east; broken by Hitler's invasion of the USSR in late 1941

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war.; associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931; from here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937

American legislation that allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S.

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. Each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war.

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France; the turning point of World War II in Europe

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others; used primarily by American forces in the Pacific theater against the Japanese

Declaration of principles issued by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1941; used as a prototype that would be used as foundational documents for the United Nations

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns; he predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries due to ethnic and cultural differences

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Serbian leader who initiated a policy of ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims during the 1990s

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953; he led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition