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AQA A-Level Psychology: Wundt and Origins of Psychology

Good luck with your exams! This is everything you need to know for the origins of Psychology.
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Last updated: May 18, 2024
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First submittedMay 18, 2024
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Question
Answer
Define empiricism.
The belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
Define introspection.
The process by which a person gains knowledge about their own mental and emotional states as a result of examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings.
What are the three features of the scientific method?
Systematic, objective, replicable
Who was the first person to call himself a psychologist?
Wilhelm Wundt
What did he believe about all aspects of nature, including the human mind?
It could be studied scientifically.
Where was his lab located?
Leipzig, Germany
What was his aim?
To study the structure of the human mind.
What is the general term for his approach?
Structuralism
What was the main technique he used called?
Introspection
What behaviours did he use to study the human mind?
Perception / Sensation
What was his original belief about human experience?
All aspects of human experience could be investigated experimentally
What did he realise about higher mental processes?
Higher mental processes couldn't be studied in this strict controlled manner.
What are examples of these higher mental processes?
Learning / Language / Emotions
These topics had to be studied using a more general technique which he called?
Cultural psychology
What does introspection mean in Latin?
Looking into
What year did he set up the first laboratory of experimental psychology?
1879 / late 1870s
What did he first study first?
Reaction time
What did he infer from this first study?
The longer it took to respond, the more mental processes must be involved.
What does introspection allow us to observe?
Our inner world
What was his nickname?
The father of psychology
How did he study perception?
Participants were given a controlled stimuli (like an auditory tone) and asked to describe their inner processes of what they were experiencing when they listened to the tone.
Question
Answer
How did he establish general theories on perception?
He compared different participant reports in response to the same stimuli.
What do empiricists believe?
Knowledge comes from observation and experience alone (it is not innate).
What are the two major assumptions of scientific psychology?
Behaviour is caused/determined
What are the two major assumptions of scientific psychology?
If behaviour is determined, then it should be possible to predict how human beings would behave in different conditions.
What technique is used to explore these assumptions?
The scientific method
What makes data objective?
Researchers don't let preconceived ideas or biases influence data.
What makes data systematic?
Observations or experiments are carried out in an orderly way.
What makes data replicable?
Observations can be repeated by other researchers to determine whether the same results are obtained.
What do the findings lack if data is not replicable?
Reliability
What are the four stages of the scientific cycle?
Objective, systematic, replicable observation
What are the four stages of the scientific cycle?
Building, refining, falsifying
What are the four stages of the scientific cycle?
Development of a scientific theory
What are the four stages of the scientific cycle?
Testing
AO3: What is one LIMITATION of introspection?
Unreliable - Based on non-observable constructs such as memory and perception which are unconscious processes. Based on inferences.
AO3: What is one LIMITATION of introspection?
Inaccurate - Some behaviours are unconscious so introspection wouldn't uncover them.
AO3: What is one STRENGTH of introspection?
Research support - Teenagers were given beepers that went off randomly to measure happiness. They used introspective methods to find that teenagers were happier when undergoing challenging tasks.
AO3: What is one STRENGTH of the scientific approach?
Reliable - Uses objective, systematic, replicable techniques and relies of determinism. If theories no longer fit the facts, they can be refined or abandoned.
AO3: What is one LIMITATION of the scientific approach?
Lacks ecological validity - Research is typically conducted in labs and used contrived situations that don't reflect real-life.
AO3: What is one STRENGTH of the scientific approach?
Self-corrective -If theories no longer fit the facts, they can be refined or abandoned. New theories will continually emerge.
AO3: What is one LIMITATION of Wundt's research?
Not replicable - Researchers struggled to reproduce his findings meaning his approach ultimately failed to be reliable. In comparison, Behaviourists were already achieving reliable, replicable results that were generalisable.
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