antibacterial drugs

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Last updated: May 30, 2023

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First submitted	May 27, 2023
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what are the main factors that contribute to antimicrobial resistance?		what are the main mechanisms in which bacteria develop antimicrobial resistance?
incorrect prescribing		modifying the target site
subtherapeutic doses or patients not finishing a course		inactivating the drug with an enzyme (e.g. beta-lactamase)
prophylactic use in livestock		increasing efflux pumps or decreasing membrane permeability
use of broad-spectrum drugs
what are broad spectrum antibiotics?	what are narrow spectrum antibiotics?	what are bacteriostatic antibiotics?	what are bactericidal antibiotics?
antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria	antibiotics that are effective against only a limited number of bacteria (e.g. one genus or species)	antibiotics that stop bacteria from reproducing and keeps them in the stationary growth phase	antibiotics that kill the bacteria that are present
what are the common cell targets for antibiotics?		what is minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?	what happens to the MIC when a bacteria becomes more resistant to antibiotics?
the cell wall or cell membrane		the lowest concentration that prevents visible growth after 24 hours incubation	the MIC value increases
the ribosome/protein synthesis
DNA or RNA synthesis
folic acid synthesis
what are the 3 main antibiotic types (for this unit)?	what is their mechanism of action?	what is an example of a clinic use/indication of them?	what is an example of a common drug of each type?
beta-lactam antibiotics	they bind to the active site on penicillin binding proteins, which irreversibly inhibits PBP activity, thereby blocking the final step in transpeptidation of this layer of the cell wall, meaning the cell wall cannot be synthesized	(for penicillin) strep throat, pneumonia, cellulitis, diphtheria, syphilis, gas gangrene, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, anthrax, lyme disease, rheumatic fever, some skin infections	penicillin, amoxicillin, etc
fluoroquinolone antibiotics	they block bacterial DNA transcription and replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase activity, which results in ‘broken’ DNA strands and therefore cell death	hospital-acquired & community acquired infections (for ciprofloxacin) GI infections, urinary tract infections, bone/joint infections, respiratory tract infections, endocarditis, prostatitis, anthrax, typhoid	ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, etc
tetracycline antibiotics	they inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, which prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the mRNA translation complex, blocking the translation of RNA to proteins	chlamydia, urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, acne, anthrax, bubonic plague	tetracycline, doxycycline, etc

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