Statistics for forensic toxicology - toxicokinetics

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Hint	Answer	% Correct
what is ADME?	absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination	100%
what happens if the drug is sufficiently polar after Phase I?	it may be eliminated without undergoing further metabolism	100%
what reactions are included in Phase I, and what enzyme does this normally involve?	oxidation	100%
	reduction	100%
what is Phase I M?	where the substance is converted to a more polar metabolite by adding or changing a functional group	100%
	ability of the substance to bind to plasma proteins	50%
what is the A in ADME?	absorption: the process of the substance being taken up into the circulation	50%
what does Phase I do to the drug?	activates or deactivates the original substance	50%
what is Phase II catalysed by?	a family of non-specific transferases that require endogenous co-factors in order for the reaction to proceed	50%
how do we calculate Vd?	amount of drug in the body/concentration in the blood	50%
how do you calculate bioavailability?	AUC oral/AUC iv (area under the curve of the oral dose of drug/area under the curve of the intravenous dose of the drug)	50%
what are the 5 factors that affect this?	blood flow	50%
	breast milk	50%
how are products of Phase II & III removed from the cell?	by various transporter proteins, which allows the products to now be eliminated	50%
	cytochrome P450 enzyme system	50%
	deactivates the substance if Phase I did not	50%
what does the plasma concentration of each of these models do over time?	decrease exponentially over time	50%
	decrease in a linear fashion over time	50%
what is the D in ADME?	distribution: the transfer of the substance from the bloodstream to the tissues	50%
what curve do we use to measure toxicodynamics?	dose-effect curve	50%
what is the E in ADME?	elimination: removal of the substance from the body by the kidneys, gut, lungs, or skin	50%
	exhaled breath	50%
	feces	50%
what are the 2 models of E?	first-order elimination (the most common): the elimination rate of the substance is directly proportional to its concentration	50%
	hydrolysis	50%
	increases the hydrophilicity	50%
what does Phase II do?	increases the molecular weight	50%
what is toxicokinetics?	interaction between the body & the substance - what does the body do to the substance?	50%
what is toxicodynamics?	interactions between a substance & its biological target - what does the substance do to the body?	50%
	lipid solubility of the substance	50%
what does this do to reabsorption?	makes it less likely to be reabsorbed by the kidneys as it is bigger	50%
	makes it more likely to be excreted by the kidneys as it is more water soluble	50%
what is the M in ADME?	metabolism: the conversion of the substance by enzymes into metabolites, which can either activate or deactivate the substance	50%
what is Phase III M?	metabolites that could not be eliminated after Phase I & II are further processed, such as by acetylation	50%
	perfusion rate of the tissue	50%
	sweat	50%
what is the LD50?	the dose of a substance that is required to kill 50% of the population	50%
what is the ED50?	the dose of a substance that produces the desired effect in 50% of the population	50%
what is first-pass metabolism?	the first pass of the substance through the liver, being metabolised by the hepatic enzymes	50%
what is bioavailability?	the fraction of a substance that reaches the systemic circulation (after first-pass metabolism)	50%
what is Phase II M?	the metabolite is conjugated with a charged compound such as glutathione	50%
what is the therapeutic index?	the therapeutic window of safety of the substance (LD50/ED50)	50%
what does this do to reabsorption?	this reduces the reabsorption of the metabolite back into the renal tubules, as it is less lipid soluble	50%
what is the goal of M?	to convert the substance into a more hydrophilic compound, which speeds up the rate of excretion by the kidneys	50%
what are the mechanisms of E of the substance?	urine	50%
	vascular permeability	50%
what is Vd?	volume of distribution - the degree to which the substance is taken up by the tissues rather than staying in the blood	50%
	zero-order elimination: the elimination rate of the substance is independent of the concentration	50%